"Europe" in the Middle Ages

From the nineteenth century onwards, historians described the Middle Ages as the "cradle" of the nation state - then, after World War II, they increasingly identified the period as the "cradle" of Europe. A close look at the sources demonstrates that both interpretations are misleading: while "Europe" was not a rare word, its use simply does not follow modern expectations. This volume contrasts modern historians' constructions of "Europe in the Middle Ages" with a fresh analysis of the medieval sources and discourses. The results force us to recognize that medieval ideas of ordering the world differ from modern expectations, thereby inviting us to reflect upon the use and limits of history in contemporary political discourse.0 Cover 1 Contents 4 List of Illustrations 7 Preface and Acknowledgements 9 Chapter 1. Why Europe? A Concept Crossing History and Politics 11 Chapter 2. Foundations in Antiquity 23 Chapter 3. Moments of Transformation—Europe in the Early Middle Ages 31 Chapter 4. Europe, Christianity, or Something Completely Different? Impressions from the Central Middle Ages 41 Chapter 5. Our Last Hope? Entangling Europe and Christianity in the Late Middle Ages 77 Chapter 6. Perspectives from Outside? Byzantium and the Arabic World 121 Conclusion No Roadmap for Europe—History, Politics, and the Wayto Global History 127 Further Reading 131