Eu Neighbourhood Policy In The Maghreb: Implementing The Enp In Tunisia And Morocco Before And After The Arab Uprisings (routledge Studies In Mediterranean Politics)

In Light Of Their Geographical Proximity And Crucial Strategic Importance, The European Union (eu) Has Long Identified Cooperation With The Countries Of The Mediterranean Region A Central Priority Of Its External Relations And Has Developed A Complex Set Of Policies And Instruments. Yet, There Is A Certain Academic Consensus That Eu External Policies In The Area Did Not Live Up To Their Original Expectations, Insofar As Little Progress Was Made To Accomplish The Proclaimed Goals While The Implementation Of Structural Reforms Proved To Be Extremely Problematic. These Deficiencies In Eu Mediterranean Policies Are Symptomatic Of What Is A Greater Challenge In Eu External Policy-making: The Struggle For Implementation. This Book Analyses The Implementation Of The European Neighbourhood Policy In The Mediterranean, Focusing On Specific Programs Financed Under The European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument In The Years Before And After The Arab Uprisings. Building On A Comparative Analysis Of Two Maghreb Countries, Tunisia And Morocco, It Provides An In-depth Investigation On The Role Of Domestic Actors In Constraining Or Providing Points Of Opportunity For The Implementation Of The Enp. The Book Presents New Empirical Data And, By Focusing On The Role Of Local Actors In The Neighbouring Countries, It Offers Interesting Insights Not Only Into The Enpi Complex Processes Of Implementation, But Also On The Challenges Of The E U In The Region And The State Of Relations With The Southern Neighbourhood. Through The Prism Of The European Neighbourhood Policy, The Book Provides A Window Into The Internal Politics And Relevant Issues Of Maghreb Countries. It Will Therefore Be A Valuable Resource For Students And Scholars Of European And Mediterranean Studies. The Enp : A Brief Overview Of Implementing Instruments And Documents -- Implementation Gaps And Variance In The Neighbourhood : A Research Puzzle -- Minding The Gap : Existing Literature On The Enp -- Objectives Of The Book -- Themes Of The Book : Implementation Of Eu External Policies And Local Actors In The Mediterranean Neighbourhood -- Contribution To The Field -- Structure Of The Book -- Explaining Implementation In The Neighbourhood : A Governance Approach -- Implementation Theory And Eu External Policy Making -- Implementation Dynamics And External Policies : In Search Of An Analytical Framework -- Implementation And Domestic Actors : Looking For Explanatory Variables -- Hypotheses : When, How And Why Domestic Actors Influence Enp Implementation -- Case Selection : The Enp In Tunisia And Morocco -- Methodology -- Key Findings -- The Implementation Of Enp Programs In Morocco And Tunisia : The Role Of Domestic Political Actors --^ Tradition And State-penetrated Pluralism : Domestic Political Actors In Morocco -- The Implementation Of Enp Programs In Morocco : The Role Of Domestic Political Actors -- Exclusionary Politics And Myth Of Reformism : Domestic Political Actors In Tunisia -- The Implementation Of Enp Programs In Tunisia : The Role Of Domestic Political Actors -- Preliminary Comparative Conclusions -- The Arab Uprisings And Domestic Political Actors : What Impact On The Implementation Of The Enp? -- The Effect Of The Arab Uprisings In Morocco : Change Or Immunity? -- The Implementation Of Enp Programs In Morocco After 2011 : The Role Of Domestic Political Actors -- The Jasmine Revolution And The Regime Change In Tunisia -- The Implementation Of Enp Programs In Tunisia After 2011 : The Role Of Domestic Political Actors -- Preliminary Comparative Conclusions -- The Implementation Of Enp Programs In Morocco And Tunisia : The Role Of Administration And Its Capacity --^ Bottlenecks And Over-centralization : Administration In Morocco -- The Impact Of The Arab Uprisings On Morocco's Administration And Its Capacity -- Moroccan Administrative Capacity And The Implementation Of Enp Programs -- Strong Bureaucracy And Tight Top-down Management : Administrative Capacity In Tunisia -- The Impact Of The Arab Uprisings On Tunisian Administration And Its Capacity -- Tunisian Administrative Capacity And The Implementation Of Enp Programs -- Preliminary Comparative Conclusions -- The Role Of Civil Society In Morocco And Tunisia : The Implementation Of The Enp -- Spaces Of Freedom And Boundaries Of Co-optation : Civil Society In Morocco -- The Implementation Of The Enp In Morocco And The Role Of Civil Society Before 2011 -- Tunisia : A Stifled Civil Society Between Repression And Legislative Restrictions -- The Implementation Of The Enp In Tunisia And The Role Of Civil Society Before The Arab Uprisings --^ The Awakening Of Civil Society And The Implementation Of The Enp After 2011. Iole Fontana. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Table of Contents 8 List of figures 11 List of tables 12 Acknowledgements 13 List of abbreviations 15 1 Introduction 18 1.1 The ENP: a brief overview of implementing instruments and documents 20 1.2 Implementation gaps and variance in the neighbourhood: a research puzzle 24 1.3 Minding the gap: existing literature on the ENP 28 1.4 Objectives of the book 32 1.5 Themes of the book: implementation of EU external policies and local actors in the Mediterranean neighbourhood 33 1.6 Contribution to the field 37 1.7 Structure of the book 38 2 Explaining implementation in the neighbourhood: a governance approach 48 2.1 Implementation theory and EU external policy-making 48 2.2 Implementation dynamics and external policies: in search of an analytical framework 50 2.3 Implementation and domestic actors: looking for explanatory variables 57 2.4 Hypotheses: when, how and why domestic actors influence ENP implementation 63 2.5 Case selection: the ENP in Tunisia and Morocco 65 2.6 Methodology 68 2.7 Key findings 71 3 The implementation of ENP programs in Morocco and Tunisia: the role of domestic political actors 82 3.1 Tradition and state-penetrated pluralism: domestic political actors in Morocco 83 3.2 The implementation of ENP programs in Morocco: the role of domestic political actors 89 3.3 Exclusionary politics and myth of reformism: domestic political actors in Tunisia 98 3.4 The implementation of ENP programs in Tunisia: the role of domestic political actors 101 3.5 Preliminary comparative conclusions 108 4 The Arab uprisings and domestic political actors: what impact on the implementation of the ENP? 117 4.1 The effect of the Arab uprisings in Morocco: change or immunity? 117 4.2 The implementation of ENP programs in Morocco after 2011: the role of domestic political actors 121 4.3 The Jasmine Revolution and the regime change in Tunisia 128 4.4 The implementation of ENP programs in Tunisia after 2011: the role of domestic political actors 131 4.5 Preliminary comparative conclusions 137 5 The implementation of ENP programs in Morocco and Tunisia: the role of administration and its capacity 144 5.1 Bottlenecks and over-centralisation: administration in Morocco 145 5.2 The impact of the Arab uprisings on Morocco’s administration and its capacity 148 5.3 Moroccan administrative capacity and the implementation of ENP programs 148 5.4 Strong bureaucracy and tight top-down management: administrative capacity in Tunisia 156 5.5 The impact of the Arab uprisings on Tunisian administration and its capacity 157 5.6 Tunisian administrative capacity and the implementation of ENP programs 158 5.7 Preliminary comparative conclusions 162 6 The role of civil society in Morocco and Tunisia: the implementation of the ENP 168 6.1 Spaces of freedom and boundaries of co-optation: civil society in Morocco 169 6.2 The implementation of the ENP in Morocco and the role of civil society before 2011 172 6.3 Tunisia: a stifled civil society between repression and legislative restrictions 176 6.4 The implementation of the ENP in Tunisia and the role of civil society before the Arab uprisings 178 6.5 The ‘awakening’ of civil society and the implementation of the ENP after 2011 179 6.6 Comparative preliminary conclusions 188 7 Conclusions 195 Annex I 205 Annex II 206 Annex III 208 Annex IV 210 Index 212 This book analyses how the EU's external policies are implemented in the domestic context of the recipient countries, in this case Tunisia and Morocco. By departing from the analysis of local actors- it explains the factors that in terms of obstacles and facilitating conditions affect implementation on the ground.