Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leinden Indo-european Etymological Dictionary, 11) (English and Germanic Languages Edition)

The Germanic languages, which include English, German, Dutch and Scandinavian, belong to the best-studied languages in the world, but the picture of their parent language, Proto-Germanic, continues to evolve. This new etymological dictionary offers a wealth of material collected from old and new Germanic sources, ranging from Gothic to Elfdalian, from Old English to the Swiss dialects, and incorporates several important advances in Proto-Germanic phonology, morphology and derivation. With its approximately 2,800 headwords and at least as many derivations, it covers the larger part of the Proto-Germanic vocabulary, and attempts to trace it back to its Proto-Indo-European foundations. The result is a landmark etymological study indispensable to Indo-Europeanists and Germanicists, as well as to the non-specialist. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Volume II 1 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic 2 Contents 4 Preface 5 Symbols and Abbreviations 7 Nate on the Structure of the Entries 11 Introduction 12 1 The Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic phonemes 12 1.1 Proto-lndo-European 12 1.2 Proto-Germanic 13 2 From Proto-lndo-European to Proto-Germanic 14 2.1 The vowels 14 2.1.1 Short vowels 14 2.1.1.1 PGm. *a 14 2.1.1.2 PGm. *e 16 2.1.1.3 PGm. *i 16 2.1.1.4 PGm. *u 17 2.1.2 Dybo's law 17 2.1.3 Long vowels 18 2.1.3.1 PGm. *ē 18 2.1.3.2 PGm. *ō 19 2.1.3.3 PGm. *ī 19 2.1.3.4 PGm. *ū 19 2.1.4 Diphthongs 20 2.1.4.1 PGm. *ai 20 2.1.4.2 PGm. *au 20 2.1.4.3 PGm. *eu 20 2.1.4.4 PGm. *ia 20 2.1.5 Osthoff's law 21 2.2 The consonants 23 2.2.1 Grimm's law 24 2.2.2 Verner's law 26 2.2.3 Epenthesis of *f 28 2.2.4 Delabialization before *j 29 2.2.5 The rise of consonantal length 30 2.2.5.1 Assibilation of dental clusters 30 2.2.5.2 Kluge's law 31 2.2.5.3 Nasal assimilation by resonants 32 2.2.5.4 Long *m 33 2.2.5.5 Long *l 34 2.2.5.6 Long *n 34 2.2.5.7 Holtzmann's law 35 2.2.6 Shortening of overlong syllables 37 2.3 Flowchart 38 Dictionary 39 A 39 B 84 D 124 E 153 F 161 G 202 H 236 I 308 J 311 K 316 L 361 M 386 N 420 O 433 P 435 R 441 S 459 T 544 Þ 570 U 596 W 603 References 642 Bibliographical abbreviations 642 Cited publications 642 Index 678 Germanic 678 Gothic 678 Old Norse 685 Icelandic 698 Faroese 699 Norwegian 706 Elfdalian 709 Old Swedish 714 Swedish 715 Old Danish 716 Early Danish 716 Danish 716 Old English 716 Middle English 729 English 730 Old Frisian 736 West Frisian 741 East Frisian 741 North Frisian 742 Old Saxon 742 Middle Low German 748 Low German 750 Old Franconian and Old Dutch 750 Middle Dutch 751 Early Dutch 756 Dutch 756 Old High German 765 Middle High German 777 German 782 Swiss German 791 Lombardic 791 Anatolian 791 Hittite 791 Luvian 792 Lycian 792 Tocharian 792 Venetic 793 Italic 793 Oscan & Umbrian 793 Old Latin 793 Latin 793 Vulgar Latin 798 Middle Latin 798 Neo-Latin 798 Italian 798 Lombard 798 Spanish 798 Portuguese 798 Old French 798 Middle French 798 French 798 Celtic 798 Celtiberian 798 Gaulish 798 Old Irish 798 Middle Irish 801 Irish 801 Old Welsh 801 Middle Welsh 802 Welsh 802 Old Breton 803 Middle Breton 804 Breton 804 Old Cornish 804 Middle Cornish 804 Cornish 804 Balkan Indo-European 804 Mycenaean 804 Ancient Greek 804 Modern Greek 808 Phrygian 808 Albanian 808 Armenian 809 Thracian 810 Iranian 810 Avestan 810 Old Persian 812 Middle Persian 812 New Persian 812 Sogdian 813 Khotanese 813 Pashto 813 Wakhi 813 Kurdish 813 Ossetic 813 Indic 814 Sanskrit 814 Slavic 817 (Old) Church Slavonic 817 Serbo-Croatian 820 Slovene 822 Old East Slavic 822 Russian 822 Ukrainian 825 Belarusian 825 Old Czech 825 Czech 825 Slovak 825 Old Polish 825 Polish 825 Baltic 825 Old Prussian 825 Old Lithuanian 826 Lithuanian 827 Latvian 831 Non-Indo-European languages 678 The Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic traces back the Germanic lexicon to its Indo-European foundations and forms a landmark study of Proto-Germanic phonology, morphology and derivation.