Ethno-psychopharmacology: Advances in Current Practice (Cambridge Medicine (Hardcover))

No one reacts or responds to a drug in exactly the same way, just as no two persons are exactly alike. Individual and ethnic differences in drug response have been consistently found in clinical practice. This book covers all the important factors that explain how and why drug treatments used in psychiatry affect individuals and ethnic groups differently. It will increase understanding of how biological differences interact with social, cultural and environmental factors to bring about overall effects of medications, particularly in individuals from various ethnicities. This book uniquely brings these varied aspects together to consider a holistic approach to drug therapy across diverse biological make-up and cultures. This information has direct practical use in the clinical setting. -- Provided by publisher Cover 1 Half-title 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 9 Figures 11 Tables 12 Contributors 13 Foreword 15 Acknowledgments 17 1 Introduction 19 2 Culture and psychopathology 23 Introduction 23 Some concepts used in transcultural research 24 Culture 24 Race 24 Ethnicity 25 Acculturation 25 Adaptation 26 Relation between the two cultures 26 Influence of culture on the prevalence and expression of symptoms 28 The Hutterites 29 Neurasthenia in China 30 Ataque de nervios 31 Culture-bound syndromes 31 Cultural contributions to DSM-IV 33 Current perspectives in psychiatric diagnosis 35 Therapeutic response to treatments 38 Conclusion 39 REFERENCES 40 3 Culture and ethnicity in psychopharmacotherapy 45 Introduction 45 Drug-metabolizing enzymes 47 Diet and its effect on P450 enzymes 49 Smoking and its effect on P450 enzymes 50 Genetic polymorphisms in gene encoding receptors, transporters, or other therapeutic targets 50 Non-biologic factors that affect drug response 51 Conclusion 52 REFERENCES 52 4 Ethnic differences in psychotropic drug response and pharmacokinetics 56 Introduction 56 Genetic factors influencing drug response 57 Non-genetic factors influencing drug responses: dietary and sociocultural 57 Pharmacogenetic differences in drug metabolism 58 Drug-metabolizing enzymes 59 Ethnic differences in medication metabolism 61 Antidepressant ethnic differences 62 Pharmacokinetic differences 62 Pharmacodynamic differences 63 Benzodiazepine ethnic differences 64 Antipsychotic ethnic differences 65 Pharmacokinetic differences 65 First-generation antipsychotics 65 Second-generation antipsychotics 66 Clozapine 66 Olanzapine 68 Risperidone 69 Aripiprazole 69 Ziprasidone 70 Quetiapine 70 Amisulpride 70 Drug–drug interactions 70 Pharmacodynamic differences 71 Conclusion 71 REFERENCES 72 5 Pharmacogenetics of ethnic populations 80 Introduction 80 Pharmacodynamic aspects 80 Genetic studies of antidepressants 80 Serotonin transporter 80 Tryptophan hydroxylase 82 Serotonin receptor 2A 82 Serotonin receptor 6 83 G-protein b3 subunit 84 Norepinephrine transporter 85 Genetic studies of mood stabilizers 86 Genetic studies of antipsychotic drugs 90 Cytochrome P450 93 CYP2D6 93 CYP2C19 95 Conclusions 95 REFERENCES 96 6 Variation in psychotropic responses in the Chinese population 105 Psychopharmacotherapy in the Chinese population 105 Variations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropics in the Chinese population 108 The clinical responses of psychotropic drugs in Chinese populations 110 Concluding remarks 111 REFERENCES 112 7 Variation in psychotropic responses in the Hispanic population 115 Introduction 115 Antidepressants 115 Tricyclics 115 Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 116 Selective serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors 118 Antipsychotics 118 Racial discrepancies in the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) 118 Efficacy and safety 119 Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hispanics 120 Pharmacogenetics and the Mexican American population 121 Drug–diet and drug–herbal interactions 122 Conclusions 123 REFERENCES 125 8 Identifying inter-ethnic variations in psychotropic response in African Americans and other ethnic minorities 129 Introduction 129 Biological factors and clinical implications 130 Research participation 132 Conclusion 133 REFERENCES 133 9 Complementary medicines in mental disorders 136 REFERENCES 140 10 Cultural factors and the use of psychotropic medications 141 Culture and attitudes towards medications 141 Medication compliance in pharmacotherapy 144 Measurement of attitudes towards psychotropic drugs 147 Summary 149 REFERENCES 150 11 Outpatient prescribing practices in Asian countries 153 Introduction 153 Antipsychotics prescribing 153 Antidepressant prescribing 158 Anxiolytics and hypnotics prescribing 159 Summary 160 REFERENCES 160 12 Psychiatric inpatient psychotropic prescribing in East Asia 162 Introduction 162 Psychotropic prescribing patterns 163 Antipsychotic drugs 163 Types 163 Dosages 164 Antidepressants 165 Antianxiety and hypnotic/sedative drugs 166 Antiparkinson drugs 166 Mood stabilizers 166 Discussion 166 Conclusion 167 REFERENCES 167 13 Pharmaco-economic implications for Asia and other economically disadvantaged countries 169 Introduction 169 The problems 170 Priorities and hopes for the future 172 Coda 174 REFERENCES 175 14 Integrating theory, practice and economics in psychopharmacology 176 New drug discovery approaches 178 Maximizing effectiveness in practice settings 179 Clinical application of pharmacogenomics and individualized medicine 180 Application of pharmaco-economics in psychopharmacology 182 Conclusion 183 REFERENCES 183 15 Research directions in ethno-psychopharmacology 187 Ethno-psychopharmacology in the new era of pharmacogenetics 188 Aiming for an integrated model of ethno-psychopharmacology 190 Future research directions 192 Conclusions 193 REFERENCES 194 Index 195 Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 9 Figures......Page 11 Tables......Page 12 Contributors......Page 13 Foreword......Page 15 Acknowledgments......Page 17 1 Introduction......Page 19 Introduction......Page 23 Race......Page 24 Acculturation......Page 25 Relation between the two cultures......Page 26 Influence of culture on the prevalence and expression of symptoms......Page 28 The Hutterites......Page 29 Neurasthenia in China......Page 30 Culture-bound syndromes......Page 31 Cultural contributions to DSM-IV......Page 33 Current perspectives in psychiatric diagnosis......Page 35 Therapeutic response to treatments......Page 38 Conclusion......Page 39 REFERENCES......Page 40 Introduction......Page 45 Drug-metabolizing enzymes......Page 47 Diet and its effect on P450 enzymes......Page 49 Genetic polymorphisms in gene encoding receptors, transporters, or other therapeutic targets......Page 50 Non-biologic factors that affect drug response......Page 51 REFERENCES......Page 52 Introduction......Page 56 Non-genetic factors influencing drug responses: dietary and sociocultural......Page 57 Pharmacogenetic differences in drug metabolism......Page 58 Drug-metabolizing enzymes......Page 59 Ethnic differences in medication metabolism......Page 61 Pharmacokinetic differences......Page 62 Pharmacodynamic differences......Page 63 Benzodiazepine ethnic differences......Page 64 First-generation antipsychotics......Page 65 Clozapine......Page 66 Olanzapine......Page 68 Aripiprazole......Page 69 Drug–drug interactions......Page 70 Conclusion......Page 71 REFERENCES......Page 72 Serotonin transporter......Page 80 Serotonin receptor 2A......Page 82 Serotonin receptor 6......Page 83 G-protein b3 subunit......Page 84 Norepinephrine transporter......Page 85 Genetic studies of mood stabilizers......Page 86 Genetic studies of antipsychotic drugs......Page 90 CYP2D6......Page 93 Conclusions......Page 95 REFERENCES......Page 96 Psychopharmacotherapy in the Chinese population......Page 105 Variations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropics in the Chinese population......Page 108 The clinical responses of psychotropic drugs in Chinese populations......Page 110 Concluding remarks......Page 111 REFERENCES......Page 112 Tricyclics......Page 115 Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)......Page 116 Racial discrepancies in the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs)......Page 118 Efficacy and safety......Page 119 Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hispanics......Page 120 Pharmacogenetics and the Mexican American population......Page 121 Drug–diet and drug–herbal interactions......Page 122 Conclusions......Page 123 REFERENCES......Page 125 Introduction......Page 129 Biological factors and clinical implications......Page 130 Research participation......Page 132 REFERENCES......Page 133 9 Complementary medicines in mental disorders......Page 136 REFERENCES......Page 140 Culture and attitudes towards medications......Page 141 Medication compliance in pharmacotherapy......Page 144 Measurement of attitudes towards psychotropic drugs......Page 147 Summary......Page 149 REFERENCES......Page 150 Antipsychotics prescribing......Page 153 Antidepressant prescribing......Page 158 Anxiolytics and hypnotics prescribing......Page 159 REFERENCES......Page 160 Introduction......Page 162 Types......Page 163 Dosages......Page 164 Antidepressants......Page 165 Discussion......Page 166 REFERENCES......Page 167 Introduction......Page 169 The problems......Page 170 Priorities and hopes for the future......Page 172 Coda......Page 174 REFERENCES......Page 175 14 Integrating theory, practice and economics in psychopharmacology......Page 176 New drug discovery approaches......Page 178 Maximizing effectiveness in practice settings......Page 179 Clinical application of pharmacogenomics and individualized medicine......Page 180 Application of pharmaco-economics in psychopharmacology......Page 182 REFERENCES......Page 183 15 Research directions in ethno-psychopharmacology......Page 187 Ethno-psychopharmacology in the new era of pharmacogenetics......Page 188 Aiming for an integrated model of ethno-psychopharmacology......Page 190 Future research directions......Page 192 Conclusions......Page 193 REFERENCES......Page 194 Index......Page 195 "Individual and ethnic differences in drug response have been consistently found in clinical practice. This book covers all the important factors that explain how and why drug treatments used in psychiatry affect individuals and ethnic groups differently. It will increase understanding of how biological differences interact with social, cultural and environmental factors to bring about overall effects of medications, particularly in individuals from various ethnicities. This book brings these varied aspects together to consider a holistic approach to drug therapy across diverse biological make-up and cultures. This information has direct practical use in the clinical setting."--Jacket No one reacts or responds to a drug in exactly the same way, just as no two persons are exactly alike. Individual and ethnic differences in drug response have been consistently found in clinical practice. This 2008 book covers all the important factors that explain how and why drug treatments used in psychiatry affect individuals and ethnic groups differently. It will increase understanding of how biological differences interact with social, cultural and environmental factors to bring about overall effects of medications, particularly in ..