Ethnicisation and Domesticisation: The Impact of Care, Gender and Migration Regimes on Paid Domestic Work in Europe (Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship)

This book explores the interconnection of care, gender and migration regimes and their impact on ‘migrant domestic work’ in Europe, in a comparative perspective. The research presented in this book aims to understand the reasons not only of the increased concentration of migrants in the domestic and care sector, but also of the significant differences between European countries. Care, gender and migration regimes are first operationalised in the form of three typologies. Then, the three typologies are used to investigate the ethnicisation of the domestic sector (the proportion of migrants in the domestic sector, compared to natives) and the domesticisation of migrants (the proportion of migrants in the domestic sector, compared to other sectors). The findings suggest that the three regimes have an effect and that this effect is greater when they are taken into account simultaneously. Preface Acknowledgements Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Boxes Chapter 1: Introduction Methodology The Three Analyses of This Research First Part: Descriptive Analysis of the Domestic Sector Second Part: The Construction of the Typologies Third Analysis: Measuring the Impact of Typologies The Main Methodological Limitations Secondary Analyses of Existing Data International Comparisons Statistical Analyses with a Limited Number of Countries Analyses Using the EU-LFS Data The Informal Labour Market The Statistical Definition of the Migrant Population References Part I: Paid Domestic Work Chapter 2: Understanding Contemporary Domestic Work: Challenges, Continuities and Discontinuities From Old to Contemporary Forms of Domestic Work The Resurgence of Paid Domestic Work The Main Characteristics of Contemporary Paid Domestic Work The Increase in the Size of the Domestic Sector The Structural Factors Determining the Increase of the Domestic Sector Other Reasons Explaining the Increase of the Domestic Sector The Feminisation of Paid Domestic Work The Ethnicisation of Paid Domestic Work Low Reputation and Poor Working Conditions References Chapter 3: Analysis of Contemporary Paid Domestic Work in Europe: Similarities and Differences Between EU Member States The Definition of Contemporary Paid Domestic Work The Statistical Definition of the Domestic Sector Domestic Workers as per ISCO-08 Classification Childcare and Older Care Definition of House-related Workers Methodology and Data The Data The Analyses Results The Size and the Structure of the Domestic Sector The Informal Economy The Workforce Composition The Concentration of Women in the Domestic Sector The Concentration of Migrants in the Domestic Sector Countries of Origin Second Generations The Quality of Jobs in the Domestic Sector Income Level Job Security Unusual Working Hours (Shifts Work) References Part II: Care, Gender and Migration Regimes Chapter 4: The Care Regime The Use of Typologies in the Literature The Welfare Regime The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism New Ways to Look at Welfare States Distinctiveness of Southern Countries Redefinition of the Liberal and/or Conservative Types Adding a Gender Perspective Adding New Countries Into the Picture: The Post-Communist Type The Care Regime Who is Responsible for Providing Care? The Reorganisation of Care in Modern Welfare States Increased Female Participation in the Labour Market Demographic Changes Changes in Family Models The ‘Culture’ of Care Convergence or Divergence? From Residential Services to Home-based Services From Public to Private Provision of Care From In-Kind Services to Monetary Transfers Classifying Care Regimes How Can Care Regimes be Classified? Familialisation Versus Defamilialisation The Debates on the Concept of Defamilialisation Childcare Versus Older Care Formal Versus Informal Care Dual Versus Triangular Employment Relationship Measuring the Care Regime Selection of Indicators The Data The Analysis The Generosity of Care Policies The Degree of (De)familialisation of Childcare Policies (De)familialisation of Old Care Policies A Typology of Care Regimes in Europe References Chapter 5: The Gender Regime What Is the Gender Regime? Gender Regimes and Welfare States Gender Regimes and Gender Equality in Institutions Gender Regimes and the Gender Contract The Assessment of Gender Regimes The Evolution of Gender Regimes Existing Classifications of Gender Regimes Measuring the Gender Regime Selection of Indicators The First Dimension: Gender Equality The Data The Second Dimension: The Gender Contract The Data A Typology of Gender Regimes in Europe References Chapter 6: The Migration Regime Migration Regimes and Domestic Work Migration Regimes in Europe: Current Trends Restriction of Immigration Regimes Citizenship and Integration Existing Classifications of Migration Regimes Immigration/Admission Typologies Integration/Citizenship Typologies Measuring the Migration Regime Selection of Indicators The Data The Immigration Policies in Comparison Index (IMPIC) The Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) The Admission Dimension of Migration Regimes – IMPIC The Integration Dimension of Migration Regimes – MIPEX A Typology of Migration Regimes References Part III: The Impact of Care, Gender and Migration Regimes on Domestic Work Chapter 7: Measuring the Impact of Care, Gender and Migration Regimes on Migrant Domestic Work Objectives and Hypotheses Hypotheses The Effect of the Three Typologies on the Domestic Sector Size of the Domestic Sector Care Regimes Typology Gender Regimes Typology Migration Regimes Typology Proportion of Women in the Domestic Sector Care Regimes Typology Gender Regimes Typology Migration Regimes Typology Job Quality: Income Job Quality: Unusual Working Hours (Shift Work) Job Quality: Temporary Work Multinomial Logistic Regression Models Comparison between Models Model 9: The Interaction Between the Typologies of Care, Gender and Migration Regimes The Ethnicisation of the Domestic Sector The Effect of the Control Variables The Effect of the Interactions Between the Three Regimes The Domesticisation of the Migrant Workforce The Effect of the Control Variables The Effect of the Interactions Between the Three Regimes Testing the Hypotheses References Chapter 8: Conclusions First Analysis: Understanding Contemporary Paid Domestic Work Second Analysis: Typologies of Care, Gender and Migration Regimes Third Analysis: Testing the Impact of the Three Regimes on ‘Migrant Domestic Work’ Challenges for Future Work References Annexex Annex I Care Regimes Dataset with the 13 Selected Indicators Correlation Matrix Principal Component Analysis (PCA) PCA Without Rotation, 13 Items Screeplot PCA with the Extraction of Three Components, with Oblique Rotation Factor Scores Cluster Analysis Dissimilarity Matrix Cluster Tendency Hierarchical Clustering Screeplot Annex II Gender Regimes Dataset with the Seven Selected Indicators Principal Component Analysis (PCA) PCA with Seven Items, Without Rotation Screeplot PCA with the Extraction of One Component, with Oblique Rotation Cluster Analysis Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Annex III Migration Regimes Cluster Analysis Dissimilarity Matrix Cluster Tendency Hierarchical Clustering Screeplot Annex IV Multinomial Regressions MODEL 0 (Base Model) MODEL 1 (Countries) MODEL 2 (Care Typology) MODEL 3 (Gender Typology) MODEL 4 (Migration Typology) MODEL 5 (All Typologies) MODEL 6 (Interactions Care × Gender) MODEL 7 (Interactions Care × Migration) MODEL 8 (Interactions Gender × Migration) MODEL 9 (All Existing Interactions of the Three Typologies) Index