اتیوپی (ملت‌ها در کانون توجه)

Ask most Americans about Ethiopia and they will have little to offer. Yet Ethiopia is one of the oldest independent nations in Africa and one of the oldest in the world. Hominid bones dating back 4.4 million years make Ethiopia one of the earliest known locations of human ancestors. This book is the most complete, accessible, and up-to-date resource for Ethiopian geography, history, politics, economics, society, culture, and education, with coverage from ancient times to the present. Ethiopia is a comprehensive treatment of this ancient country's history coupled with an exploration of the nation today. Arranged by broad topics, the book provides an overview of Ethiopia's physical and human geography, its history, its system of government, and the present economic situation. But the book also presents a picture of contemporary society and culture and of the Ethiopian people. It also discusses art, music, and cinema; class; gender; ethnicity; and education, as well as the language, food, and etiquette of the country. Readers will learn such fascinating details as the fact that coffee was first domesticated in Ethiopia more than 10,000 years ago and that modern Ethiopia comprises 77 different ethnic groups with their own distinct languages. Features • Sidebars provide brief encapsulations of topics relevant to Ethiopian history, society, and culture • Figures and tables summarize statistics quoted in the text, offering up-to-date data on the economy of the country and other aspects of Ethiopian life • A reference section provides extensive information such as addresses, telephone numbers, and websites of major institutions and businesses and economic, cultural, educational, exchange, government, and tourist bureaus • An annotated bibliography facilitates in-depth research Highlights • Illuminates the many facets of the politics and culture of an ancient country that has a unique place in the history of the world • Includes details about Ethiopia's contemporary culture, music, cinema, and more that are unavailable in specialized books on the country • Offers empirical data based on facts and figures culled from Ethiopia's National Statistical Agency Contents......Page 8 About The Author......Page 16 Preface......Page 18 Acknowledgments......Page 26 Ethiopia As The Roof Of Africa......Page 28 Ethiopia’s Geophysical Mosaic......Page 29 Geology......Page 31 Ethiopia As A Water Tower......Page 33 Temperature......Page 35 Vegetation And Land Use......Page 40 Rainfall......Page 43 Population Distribution And Density......Page 45 Drought-prone Zones......Page 46 Rural Food Shortage And Famine......Page 48 Ethiopia: The Cradle Of Humankind......Page 56 Oldest Hominid Habitat—afar, Ethiopia......Page 57 Ethiopian History: Semitist Versus Africanist Paradigm......Page 59 Ethiopia And The Egyptian Pharaohs......Page 63 The Cushitic Kingdom Of Damot......Page 65 The Rise Of Axum......Page 66 Axum At The Twilight......Page 69 The Restoration Of The Solomonian Dynasty......Page 71 The Era Of The Princes......Page 72 The Reign Of Emperor Tewodros, 1855–1868......Page 74 The Reign Of Emperor Yohannes Iv......Page 76 Emperor Menelik And Ethiopia’s Historic Victory At The Battle Of Adwa......Page 77 Lij Iyasu And The Vacant Throne......Page 79 The Haile Selassie Period I: Ras Safari’s Regency And Emperorship, 1916–1936......Page 80 Fascist Invasion And The Ethiopian Resistance......Page 81 The Haile Selassie Period Ii: 1941–1974......Page 88 The Nature Of The Political System After 1941......Page 89 The Abortive Coup D’état Of 1960......Page 91 The Ethiopian Revolution Of 1974......Page 92 Mengistu’s Ascent......Page 93 Radical Civilian Parties: White And Red Terror......Page 95 Land To The Tiller And Mass Organizations......Page 96 Ethiopian Workers’ Party And Marxist Political Structure......Page 97 The End Of The Derg And The Beginning Of A New Era......Page 98 Rise Of The Ruling Eprdf......Page 106 The Governing Team......Page 108 Ethnic Federalism......Page 109 Constitution And The Federal Structure......Page 113 Democratization And Contemporary Ethiopian Politics......Page 116 The 2005 And 2010 Elections......Page 121 Regional Governments......Page 122 Autonomous Urban Administrative Regions......Page 124 Political Parties......Page 125 Ethiopian Foreign Policy......Page 127 Ethiopia And Somalia......Page 129 Eritrea And Ethiopia: From War To War......Page 132 Economic Overview......Page 142 Historical Background Of The Ethiopian Economy......Page 143 A Sectoral Look At The Ethiopian Economy......Page 177 Agriculture......Page 178 Mining......Page 180 Industry......Page 181 Tourism......Page 183 Labor......Page 184 Finance......Page 187 Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s Report On The Economy......Page 191 Pre-monotheistic Ethiopia......Page 196 Ethiopia And The Judaic Connection......Page 197 Christianity As The Official Religion Of The Ethiopian Realm......Page 207 The Episode Of Prester John......Page 210 Ethiopian Christianity And The Solomonian Dynasty......Page 214 Autocephaly......Page 215 Catholicism In Ethiopia......Page 216 Protestantism......Page 217 Islam In Ethiopia......Page 218 Ahmed Gragn’s Conquests......Page 219 Zara Yaqob And Ethiopian Philosophy In Hatata......Page 220 Feudal Power Structure......Page 222 Social Class And Reform......Page 223 The New Social Class That Emerged Under Haile Selassie’s Modernizing Feudalism......Page 224 A Class In Embryo......Page 227 Adirbays......Page 228 Quiescent Rebel......Page 229 Die-hard Revolutionaries......Page 230 The New Class (post-1991)......Page 231 Ethnicity And Language......Page 232 Southern Peoples And Nationalities......Page 245 Observable Realities About Ethnicity In Ethiopia......Page 248 Women And Marriage......Page 249 Organization Of Ethiopian Women......Page 256 Traditional Education......Page 261 Western Education From 1905 To The End Of The Derg Era......Page 263 Preprimary And Primary Education......Page 265 Academic Secondary Schools......Page 266 Higher Education......Page 267 Educational Research......Page 268 Educational Administration And Finance......Page 269 Nonformal Education......Page 271 Western Education Since The Eprdf Assent To Power In 1991......Page 273 Language......Page 284 Language Policy......Page 291 Ethiopic Alphabet......Page 295 Meeting People......Page 297 Hospitality And Food......Page 298 Time......Page 300 Useful Phrases......Page 301 Everyday Useful Words......Page 302 Numbers......Page 304 Words And Phrases In Tigrigna......Page 305 Words And Phrases In The Oromo Language......Page 306 Numbers In Afaan Oromo......Page 308 Greetings......Page 310 General Rules Of Ethiopian Etiquette......Page 314 Business Etiquette In Ethiopia......Page 318 Historical Literature......Page 321 Ge’ez Literature (religious)......Page 326 Amharic Literature (secular)......Page 331 Art, Architecture, And Craft......Page 342 Crowns Of Ethiopian Emperors—axum......Page 351 Music......Page 361 Food......Page 380 Teff-injera......Page 384 Berbere......Page 385 Neter Qebé......Page 386 Doro Wat......Page 387 Zilzil Alecha......Page 388 Veggie Recipes......Page 390 Coffee Ceremony......Page 391 Sports And Leisure......Page 395 Greater Kudu......Page 396 Conventional Sporting......Page 398 Soccer In Ethiopia......Page 401 Track And Field......Page 403 Other Sports......Page 409 Pop Music......Page 411 Dance......Page 413 Theater......Page 415 Film......Page 418 Democratization......Page 426 Ethnicity And Ethnic Federalism......Page 430 Religious Conflict......Page 431 Human Rights......Page 432 Civil War......Page 433 Terrorism......Page 435 Drought And Food Security......Page 436 Gender Issues And Female Circumcision......Page 437 Sex Work......Page 438 Hiv/aids......Page 439 Trafficking......Page 440 Health......Page 441 Water......Page 442 Prison And Detention Center Conditions......Page 444 Capital Punishment......Page 445 Urban Sprawl And Street Children......Page 446 Adoption......Page 447 Glossary......Page 452 Facts And Figures......Page 460 Holiday Chart......Page 476 Country-related Organizations......Page 478 Annotated Bibliography Of Ethiopia......Page 524 Thematic Index......Page 536 A......Page 556 B......Page 557 C......Page 558 E......Page 559 F......Page 561 H......Page 563 I......Page 564 L......Page 565 N......Page 566 R......Page 567 S......Page 568 U......Page 569 W......Page 570 Z......Page 571 Contents 8 About The Author 16 Preface 18 Acknowledgments 26 1 Geography 28 Ethiopia As The Roof Of Africa 28 Ethiopia’s Geophysical Mosaic 29 Geology 31 Ethiopia As A Water Tower 33 Temperature 35 Vegetation And Land Use 40 Rainfall 43 Population Distribution And Density 45 Drought-prone Zones 46 Rural Food Shortage And Famine 48 2 History 56 Ethiopia: The Mystical Land Of Antiquity 56 Ethiopia: The Cradle Of Humankind 56 Oldest Hominid Habitat—afar, Ethiopia 57 Ethiopia As The Cradle Of Human Civilization 59 Ethiopian History: Semitist Versus Africanist Paradigm 59 Ethiopia And The Egyptian Pharaohs 63 The Cushitic Kingdom Of Damot 65 The Rise Of Axum 66 Axum At The Twilight 69 The Restoration Of The Solomonian Dynasty 71 The Era Of The Princes 72 The Reign Of Emperor Tewodros, 1855–1868 74 The Reign Of Emperor Yohannes Iv 76 Emperor Menelik And Ethiopia’s Historic Victory At The Battle Of Adwa 77 Lij Iyasu And The Vacant Throne 79 The Haile Selassie Period I: Ras Safari’s Regency And Emperorship, 1916–1936 80 Fascist Invasion And The Ethiopian Resistance 81 The Haile Selassie Period Ii: 1941–1974 88 The Status Of The Emperor In The Constitution 89 Japanization And Ethiopia’s New Political Structure 89 The Nature Of The Political System After 1941 89 The Revised Constitution Against A Backdrop Of A Modernizing Feudalism 91 The Abortive Coup D’état Of 1960 91 The Ethiopian Revolution Of 1974 92 The Derg Regime 93 Mengistu’s Ascent 93 Radical Civilian Parties: White And Red Terror 95 Guerrilla Challenge 96 Land To The Tiller And Mass Organizations 96 Ethiopian Workers’ Party And Marxist Political Structure 97 Clout Of Political Cadres 98 The Rise Of The Eplf And Tplf 98 The End Of The Derg And The Beginning Of A New Era 98 3 Government And Politics 106 Rise Of The Ruling Eprdf 106 The Governing Team 108 Ethnic Federalism 109 Constitution And The Federal Structure 113 Democratization And Contemporary Ethiopian Politics 116 The 2005 And 2010 Elections 121 Regional Governments 122 Autonomous Urban Administrative Regions 124 Political Parties 125 Ethiopian Foreign Policy 127 Ethiopia And Somalia 129 Eritrea And Ethiopia: From War To War 132 4 Economy 142 Economic Overview 142 Historical Background Of The Ethiopian Economy 143 A Sectoral Look At The Ethiopian Economy 177 Agriculture 178 Mining 180 Industry 181 Tourism 183 Labor 184 Finance 187 Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s Report On The Economy 191 5 Society 196 Religion And Thought 196 Pre-monotheistic Ethiopia 196 Ethiopia And The Greek Connection 197 Ethiopia And The Judaic Connection 197 The Beta-israel 207 Christianity As The Official Religion Of The Ethiopian Realm 207 Ethiopian Orthodox As The Protector Of South Arabian Christians 210 Tewahedo Christianity During The Zagwe Dynasty 210 The Episode Of Prester John 210 Ethiopian Christianity And The Solomonian Dynasty 214 The Ethiopian Orthodox Sects 215 Autocephaly 215 Catholicism In Ethiopia 216 Protestantism 217 Ecumenism 218 Ethiopia’s Place In The Division Between Eastern And Western Churches Today 218 Islam In Ethiopia 218 The Rise Of Powerful Regional Muslim States 219 Ahmed Gragn’s Conquests 219 Zara Yaqob And Ethiopian Philosophy In Hatata 220 Social Classes And Ethnicity 222 Feudal Power Structure 222 Class Structure Under Feudalism 223 The Traditional Political Elite 223 Social Class And Reform 223 Haile Selassie And The Western-educated Elite 224 The New Social Class That Emerged Under Haile Selassie’s Modernizing Feudalism 224 A Class In Embryo 227 Adirbays 228 Quiescent Rebel 229 Die-hard Revolutionaries 230 The New Class (post-1991) 231 Ethnicity And Language 232 Southern Peoples And Nationalities 245 Observable Realities About Ethnicity In Ethiopia 248 Women And Marriage 249 Organization Of Ethiopian Women 256 Education 261 Traditional Education 261 Western Education From 1905 To The End Of The Derg Era 263 Preprimary And Primary Education 265 Academic Secondary Schools 266 Higher Education 267 Educational Research 268 Educational Administration And Finance 269 Nonformal Education 271 Western Education Since The Eprdf Assent To Power In 1991 273 6 Culture 284 Language 284 Language Policy 291 Ethiopic Alphabet 295 Meeting People 297 Family 298 Hospitality And Food 298 Clothing 300 Time 300 Tours 301 Useful Phrases 301 Everyday Useful Words 302 Numbers 304 Days Of The Week 305 Festivals 305 Words And Phrases In Tigrigna 305 Words And Phrases In The Oromo Language 306 Days Of The Week In Afaan Oromo 308 Numbers In Afaan Oromo 308 Etiquette 310 Greetings 310 General Rules Of Ethiopian Etiquette 314 Business Etiquette In Ethiopia 318 Literature 321 Historical Literature 321 Ge’ez Literature (religious) 326 Amharic Literature (secular) 331 Art, Architecture, And Craft 342 Ethiopian Crosses And Other Paraphernalia 351 Crowns Of Ethiopian Emperors—axum 351 Music 361 Food 380 Teff-injera 384 Berbere 385 Neter Qebé 386 Doro Wat 387 Zilzil Alecha 388 Veggie Recipes 390 Coffee Ceremony 391 Sports And Leisure 395 Camping In Ethiopia: A Truly Great Outdoors 396 Greater Kudu 396 Conventional Sporting 398 Soccer In Ethiopia 401 Track And Field 403 Other Sports 409 Popular Culture 411 Pop Music 411 Dance 413 Theater 415 Film 418 7 Contemporary Issues 426 Democratization 426 Ethnicity And Ethnic Federalism 430 Religious Conflict 431 Human Rights 432 Civil War 433 Terrorism 435 Drought And Food Security 436 Population Explosion And Family Planning 437 Gender Issues And Female Circumcision 437 Sex Work 438 Hiv/aids 439 Trafficking 440 Health 441 Water 442 Prison And Detention Center Conditions 444 Capital Punishment 445 Urban Sprawl And Street Children 446 Adoption 447 Glossary 452 Facts And Figures 460 Holiday Chart 476 Country-related Organizations 478 Annotated Bibliography Of Ethiopia 524 Thematic Index 536 Index 556 A 556 B 557 C 558 D 559 E 559 F 561 G 563 H 563 I 564 J 565 K 565 L 565 M 566 N 566 O 567 P 567 Q 567 R 567 S 568 T 569 U 569 V 570 W 570 Y 571 Z 571 Synopsis: Ethiopia Is An Exhaustive Treatment Of This Ancient Country's History Coupled With An Exploration Of The Nation Today. Arranged By Broad Topics, The Book Provides An Overview Of Ethiopia's Physical And Human Geography, Its History, Its System Of Government, And The Present Economic Situation. But The Book Also Presents A Picture Of Contemporary Society And Culture And Of The Ethiopian People. It Also Discusses Art, Music, And Cinema; Class; Gender; Ethnicity; And Education, As Well As The Language, Food, And Etiquette Of The Country. Readers Will Learn Such Fascinating Details As The Fact That Coffee Was First Domesticated In Ethiopia More Than 10,000 Years Ago And That Modern Ethiopia Comprises 77 Different Ethnic Groups With Their Own Distinct Languages. 1. Geography -- 2. History -- 3. Government And Politics -- 4. Economy -- 5. Society: Religion And Thought -- Social Classes And Ethnicity -- Women And Marriage -- Education -- 6. Culture: Language -- Etiquette -- Literature -- Art -- Music -- Food -- Sports And Leisure -- Popular Culture -- 7. Contemporary Issues. Paulos Milkias. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Aiming to challenge contemporary stereotypes of the country, Milkias, an editor of Horn of Africa Journal who taught humanities and political science at Marianopolis College and Concordia U. in Canada, traces the history and culture of Ethiopia, including the physical and human geography, system of government, and economy; religion; women and marriage; literature, art, music, and cinema; class, gender, and ethnicity; education; language, food, sports and leisure, popular culture, and etiquette; and contemporary issues like civil war, democratization, religious conflict, human rights, terrorism, drought and food security, population explosion and family planning, gender issues and female circumcision, sex work, trafficking, water, HIV/AIDS, and adoption. A list of country-related organizations and an annotated bibliography are among the resources included. The book is meant for international organizations, foreign missions, tourists, businesspeople, instructors at all levels, and general readers. Annotation ©2011 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)