Ethical Dimensions of the Foreign Policy of the European Union: A Legal Appraisal (Cambridge Studies in European Law and Policy)

This book was one of six short-listed books for the prestigious Peter Birks SLS Prize for outstanding contribution to legal scholarship for 2009 and also was the winner of the 2009 Universities Association for Contemporary European Studies (UACES) Book Prize for the 'most substantial and original contribution to knowledge in the area of European Studies'. It was reviewed in 47(4) Journal of Common Market Studies (2009) p.421 part of the review reads: 'The European Union treaties place the worldwide promotion of human rights and democracy at the heart of both the common foreign and security policy and Community development and economic co-operation with third countries. Urfan Khaliq's painstakingly detailed study analyses the extent to which the EU has put these lofty ideals into practice. .... This book is solidly based on meticulous factual, as well as legal, research and represents the most detailed empirical study to date on human rights in the EU's external relations. .....Dr Khaliq's analysis never follows the easy route of simply castigating the EU for failing to base its external relations purely on human rights concerns - though he does not shrink from pointing out clear examples of failures to react to egregious human rights violations - but is unfailingly balanced and even-handed. Few could quarrel with his conclusion that while EU policies in this area are neither consistent nor coherent, nevertheless the EU sometimes achieves its objectives and in some respects makes an important contribution to the promotion of human rights. This book is indispensable reading for anyone interested in the constraints on, and possibilities of, human rights diplomacy.' [...] This review concludes, 'Khaliq has written an impressive book. It is rich both in empirical detail and legal analysis. Khaliq has made a significant contribution to a most important discussion. The book is highly recommendable to any reader interested in the relationship between EU foreign policy and international law.' Cover 1 Half-title 3 Series-title 5 Title 7 Copyright 8 Table of Contents 9 Series Editors’ Preface 13 Acknowledgements and Preface 15 The Constitutional Treaty and the Reform Treaty: Table of Equivalences 17 Table of Cases 18 European Court of Justice 18 Opinions 19 Permanent Court of International Justice and International Court of Justice 19 Awards and Decisions of Other International Tribunals 21 Decisions of Domestic Courts 21 Table of Treaties 23 EC and EU Treaties 23 Treaties to Which the EC Is Party 24 Other Treaties 26 Abbreviations 32 1 Introduction 39 2 Promoting Values in Foreign Relations: Policy and Legal Issues 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Ethical Values and Foreign Policy: Choices and Implications 49 2.3 Legal Considerations and the Policy of Promoting and Protecting Ethical Values in Third States 57 2.3.1 International Legal Obligations and the Member States, Community and Union 57 2.3.1.1 International Legal Personality and the Community and Union 58 2.3.1.2 Relationship between International Law and the Community and EU Legal Orders 62 2.3.2 Legal Limits to Ethical Foreign Policies under International Law 67 2.3.2.1 State Sovereignty and the Principle of Non-Interference 67 2.3.2.1(a) Human Rights and Obligations Erga Omnes 74 2.3.2.1(b) Human Rights Obligations, the Limits of Domestic Jurisdiction and the Legality of Horizontal Enforcement 76 2.3.2.1(c) Violation of International Norms by Third States and Member State Obligations 80 2.3.2.2 Legal Limits on the Implementation of Policy 83 2.3.3 Legal Obligations to Promote Ethical Values in the Treaty Framework 89 2.3.3.1 Introductory Comments 89 2.3.3.2 Obligation to Promote and Protect Human Rights in Third States 93 2.3.3.2(a) Member States and Treaty Obligations to Promote and Protect Human Rights in Third States 93 2.3.3.2(b) Development Cooperation, Human Rights and the Legal Obligations of Third States 95 2.3.3.2(c) Development Cooperation, Humanitarian Assistance and the Obligation to Assist 102 2.3.3.3 Obligation to Promote and Protect Democracy and the Rule of Law in Third States 107 2.3.3.3(a) Democracy 107 2.3.3.3(b) The Rule of Law 114 2.4 Conclusions 117 3 Promoting Values and the International Relations of the Union and Community: Competence and Practice 119 3.1 Introduction 119 3.2 Relationship between the Union and Community and the Instruments Available for Implementing an Ethical Foreign Policy 120 3.2.1 Relationship between the Component Parts of the Union 120 3.2.2 Union and Community Instruments Relevant to the Pursuit of Ethical Values in Third Countries 123 3.2.2.1 Union Instruments 123 3.2.2.1(a) Common Strategies 123 3.2.2.1(b) Common Positions, Joint Actions and Decisions 125 3.2.2.1(c) Diplomatic and Other Legally Non-binding Measures and Instruments 127 3.2.2.2 Community Instruments 140 3.3 The Exercise of Competence and the Pursuit of Ethical Foreign Policy Objectives 141 3.3.1 Development Cooperation 141 3.3.1.1 1991 Resolution of the Development Council and the Member States 144 3.3.1.2 Competence under Articles 177 to 181 TEC 146 3.3.1.2(a) Poverty Reduction and Development Cooperation 154 3.3.1.2(b) Poverty Reduction, Development Cooperation and Trade 168 3.3.1.2(c) Funding the Pursuance of Ethical Values and Practice 177 3.3.1.2(c)(i) General Legal Basis for Funding Development Projects Pursuing Ethical Values 177 3.3.2 Humanitarian Aid and Food Aid 197 3.3.2.1 Community Competence in Humanitarian Aid 197 3.3.2.2 Community Competence in Food Aid and Security 202 3.3.3 Competence in Trade and the Pursuit of Ethical Values 206 3.3.3.1 GSP Scheme 208 3.3.3.1(a) GSP Scheme and the Withdrawal of Benefits 209 3.3.3.1(b) GSP Incentive Scheme 215 3.3.3.2 Restrictive Trade Measures 219 3.4 Conclusions 224 4 Ethical Values and Foreign Policy in Practice: Responses to the Denial of Democracy in Myanmar, Nigeria and Pakistan 227 4.1 Myanmar 227 4.1.1 Role of Ethical Values and Principles in Regional Dialogue Involving Myanmar and the Union 232 4.1.2 Bilateral Dealings with Myanmar 238 4.1.2.1 Diplomatic Measures and Myanmar 239 4.1.2.2 Utilisation of Punitive Legal Instruments by the Union against Myanmar 245 4.1.2.3 Promotion of Values and Principles in Myanmar 254 4.2 Pakistan 256 4.2.1 Legal and Political Structure of EU Dialogue with Pakistan 259 4.2.2 Democracy, Human Rights, the Union and Pakistan 261 4.2.2.1 Negotiating the Third Generation Agreement 261 4.2.2.2 Signature of the Third Generation Agreement with Pakistan 271 4.2.3 The Union's Successes in Promoting Ethical Values in Pakistan 278 4.2.3.1 Pakistani Law on Blasphemy and the Union 278 4.2.3.2 Child Labour in Pakistan and the Union 281 4.3 Nigeria 285 4.3.1 Dialogue between Nigeria and the Union 289 4.3.2 Action against Nigeria under Lomé IV 291 4.3.3 Action against Nigeria under the CFSP 295 4.3.4 Positive Action regarding Ethical Values and Nigeria 302 4.4 Conclusions 308 5 Ethical Values and Foreign Policy in Practice: the Role of the Union in the Middle East Peace Process and Relations with the Palestinian Authority and Israel 312 5.1 Ethical Values and the Middle East Peace Process, the Barcelona Process and the European Neighbourhood Policy 315 5.1.1 The Union and the MEPP 316 5.1.2 The Union, Ethical Values, the Barcelona Process and the European Neighbourhood Policy 329 5.2 Ethical Values and Bilateral Relations with Israel and the Palestinian Authority 337 5.2.1 Ethical Values, Israel and Bilateral Relations 337 5.2.2 Ethical Values, the Palestinian Authority and Bilateral Relations 343 5.2.3 Relevance of the Essential Elements Clauses in the Agreements with Israel and the Palestinian Authority 351 5.2.3.1 Essential Elements Clause and Relations with Israel 351 5.2.3.1(a) Israeli Military Incursions into Palestinian Territory and the Essential Elements Clause 354 5.2.3.1(b) The Wall and the Essential Elements Clause 364 5.2.3.1(c) Israeli Violations of International Norms and the Essential Elements Clause 374 5.2.3.2 Essential Elements Clause and Relations with the Palestinian Administered Territories 388 5.2.4 Promotion of Ethical Values 392 5.2.4.1 Positive Measures and Israel 392 5.2.4.2 Positive Measures and the Palestinian Authority 394 5.2.4.2(a) Positive Measures and Reforming the Palestinian Authority 394 5.2.4.2(b) Positive Measures and the Gaza lsquoDisengagement' 403 5.2.4.2(c) 2006 Palestinian Elections and the Temporary International Mechanism 407 5.3 Conclusions 433 6 Ethical Values and Foreign Policy in.Practice: Humanitarian Aid and the European Union 442 6.1 Concepts of Neutrality and Impartiality and their Relationship with Humanitarian Aid 444 6.2 Humanitarian Aid as a Foreign Policy Instrument of the Union 447 6.2.1 Relationship between Humanitarian Aid and Development Cooperation 449 6.2.2 Relationship between Humanitarian Aid and Other EU Foreign Policy Instruments 457 6.3 Humanitarian Assistance and the Promotion of Political Objectives and the Protection of Human Rights 466 6.3.1 Using Humanitarian Aid to Assist with Political Objectives 466 6.3.2 Using Humanitarian Aid to Promote and Protect Human Rights 470 6.4 Conclusions 482 7 Conclusions 485 Select Bibliography 497 Index 523 Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 5 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Table of Contents......Page 9 Series Editors’ Preface......Page 13 Acknowledgements and Preface......Page 15 The Constitutional Treaty and the Reform Treaty: Table of Equivalences......Page 17 European Court of Justice......Page 18 Permanent Court of International Justice and International Court of Justice......Page 19 Decisions of Domestic Courts......Page 21 EC and EU Treaties......Page 23 Treaties to Which the EC Is Party......Page 24 Other Treaties......Page 26 Abbreviations......Page 32 1 Introduction......Page 39 2.1 Introduction......Page 45 2.2 Ethical Values and Foreign Policy: Choices and Implications......Page 49 2.3.1 International Legal Obligations and the Member States, Community and Union......Page 57 2.3.1.1 International Legal Personality and the Community and Union......Page 58 2.3.1.2 Relationship between International Law and the Community and EU Legal Orders......Page 62 2.3.2.1 State Sovereignty and the Principle of Non-Interference......Page 67 2.3.2.1(a) Human Rights and Obligations Erga Omnes......Page 74 2.3.2.1(b) Human Rights Obligations, the Limits of Domestic Jurisdiction and the Legality of Horizontal Enforcement......Page 76 2.3.2.1(c) Violation of International Norms by Third States and Member State Obligations......Page 80 2.3.2.2 Legal Limits on the Implementation of Policy......Page 83 2.3.3.1 Introductory Comments......Page 89 2.3.3.2(a) Member States and Treaty Obligations to Promote and Protect Human Rights in Third States......Page 93 2.3.3.2(b) Development Cooperation, Human Rights and the Legal Obligations of Third States......Page 95 2.3.3.2(c) Development Cooperation, Humanitarian Assistance and the Obligation to Assist......Page 102 2.3.3.3(a) Democracy......Page 107 2.3.3.3(b) The Rule of Law......Page 114 2.4 Conclusions......Page 117 3.1 Introduction......Page 119 3.2.1 Relationship between the Component Parts of the Union......Page 120 3.2.2.1(a) Common Strategies......Page 123 3.2.2.1(b) Common Positions, Joint Actions and Decisions......Page 125 3.2.2.1(c) Diplomatic and Other Legally Non-binding Measures and Instruments......Page 127 3.2.2.2 Community Instruments......Page 140 3.3.1 Development Cooperation......Page 141 3.3.1.1 1991 Resolution of the Development Council and the Member States......Page 144 3.3.1.2 Competence under Articles 177 to 181 TEC......Page 146 3.3.1.2(a) Poverty Reduction and Development Cooperation......Page 154 3.3.1.2(b) Poverty Reduction, Development Cooperation and Trade......Page 168 3.3.1.2(c)(i) General Legal Basis for Funding Development Projects Pursuing Ethical Values......Page 177 3.3.2.1 Community Competence in Humanitarian Aid......Page 197 3.3.2.2 Community Competence in Food Aid and Security......Page 202 3.3.3 Competence in Trade and the Pursuit of Ethical Values......Page 206 3.3.3.1 GSP Scheme......Page 208 3.3.3.1(a) GSP Scheme and the Withdrawal of Benefits......Page 209 3.3.3.1(b) GSP Incentive Scheme......Page 215 3.3.3.2 Restrictive Trade Measures......Page 219 3.4 Conclusions......Page 224 4.1 Myanmar......Page 227 4.1.1 Role of Ethical Values and Principles in Regional Dialogue Involving Myanmar and the Union......Page 232 4.1.2 Bilateral Dealings with Myanmar......Page 238 4.1.2.1 Diplomatic Measures and Myanmar......Page 239 4.1.2.2 Utilisation of Punitive Legal Instruments by the Union against Myanmar......Page 245 4.1.2.3 Promotion of Values and Principles in Myanmar......Page 254 4.2 Pakistan......Page 256 4.2.1 Legal and Political Structure of EU Dialogue with Pakistan......Page 259 4.2.2.1 Negotiating the Third Generation Agreement......Page 261 4.2.2.2 Signature of the Third Generation Agreement with Pakistan......Page 271 4.2.3.1 Pakistani Law on Blasphemy and the Union......Page 278 4.2.3.2 Child Labour in Pakistan and the Union......Page 281 4.3 Nigeria......Page 285 4.3.1 Dialogue between Nigeria and the Union......Page 289 4.3.2 Action against Nigeria under Lomé IV......Page 291 4.3.3 Action against Nigeria under the CFSP......Page 295 4.3.4 Positive Action regarding Ethical Values and Nigeria......Page 302 4.4 Conclusions......Page 308 5 Ethical Values and Foreign Policy in Practice: the Role of the Union in the Middle East Peace Process and Relations with the Palestinian Authority and Israel......Page 312 5.1 Ethical Values and the Middle East Peace Process, the Barcelona Process and the European Neighbourhood Policy......Page 315 5.1.1 The Union and the MEPP......Page 316 5.1.2 The Union, Ethical Values, the Barcelona Process and the European Neighbourhood Policy......Page 329 5.2.1 Ethical Values, Israel and Bilateral Relations......Page 337 5.2.2 Ethical Values, the Palestinian Authority and Bilateral Relations......Page 343 5.2.3.1 Essential Elements Clause and Relations with Israel......Page 351 5.2.3.1(a) Israeli Military Incursions into Palestinian Territory and the Essential Elements Clause......Page 354 5.2.3.1(b) The Wall and the Essential Elements Clause......Page 364 5.2.3.1(c) Israeli Violations of International Norms and the Essential Elements Clause......Page 374 5.2.3.2 Essential Elements Clause and Relations with the Palestinian Administered Territories......Page 388 5.2.4.1 Positive Measures and Israel......Page 392 5.2.4.2(a) Positive Measures and Reforming the Palestinian Authority......Page 394 5.2.4.2(b) Positive Measures and the Gaza lsquoDisengagement'......Page 403 5.2.4.2(c) 2006 Palestinian Elections and the Temporary International Mechanism......Page 407 5.3 Conclusions......Page 433 6 Ethical Values and Foreign Policy in.Practice: Humanitarian Aid and the European Union......Page 442 6.1 Concepts of Neutrality and Impartiality and their Relationship with Humanitarian Aid......Page 444 6.2 Humanitarian Aid as a Foreign Policy Instrument of the Union......Page 447 6.2.1 Relationship between Humanitarian Aid and Development Cooperation......Page 449 6.2.2 Relationship between Humanitarian Aid and Other EU Foreign Policy Instruments......Page 457 6.3.1 Using Humanitarian Aid to Assist with Political Objectives......Page 466 6.3.2 Using Humanitarian Aid to Promote and Protect Human Rights......Page 470 6.4 Conclusions......Page 482 7 Conclusions......Page 485 Select Bibliography......Page 497 Index......Page 523 "Urfan Khaliq analyses the theory and practice of the European Union's 'ethical foreign policy', arguing that current practices dilute the impact and efficacy of Union policies but that an effort which is at times effective is being made to protect certain values in the Union's international relations. Beginning with an investigation of the international rules authorising or obliging the Union/Community or the Member States to promote certain values in third States or take action to protect them, Khaliq goes on to examine the limits under international law which constrain such policies. The issues are then assessed from a Union/Community law perspective, and the importance attached to ethical values and their relationship with other priorities and objectives is analysed in the context of relations with Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The European Community's humanitarian aid policy is also discussed."--BOOK JACKET

Urfan Khaliq analyses the theory and practice of the European Union's 'ethical foreign policy', arguing that current practices dilute the impact and efficacy of Union policies but that an effort which is at times effective is being made to protect certain values in the Union's international relations. Beginning with an investigation of the international rules authorising or obliging the Union/Community or the Member States to promote certain values in third countries or take action to protect them, Khaliq goes on to examine the limits under international law which constrain such policies. The issues are then assessed from a Union/Community law perspective, and the importance attached to ethical values and their relationship with other priorities and objectives is analysed in the context of relations with Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The European Community's humanitarian aid policy is also discussed.