Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice , Fifth Edition (Ethics in Crime and Justice)

This Text Is Designed To Introduce Students To Ethical Decision-making In The Criminal Justice System. Its Greatest Strengths Are Its Balanced Coverage Of 1) All Three Segments Of The Cj System-police, Courts, And Corrections-and 2) Both Philosophical Principles/theories And Hands-on Criminal Justice Issues And Applications. Important Notice: Media Content Referenced Within The Product Description Or The Product Text May Not Be Available In The Ebook Version. Front Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Contents......Page 4 Preface......Page 12 1 Morality, Ethics, and Human Behavior......Page 18 Why Study Ethics?......Page 19 Defining Terms......Page 24 Making Moral Judgments......Page 25 Duties......Page 28 Values......Page 29 Morality and the Law......Page 31 Criminal Culpability/Moral Culpability......Page 32 Regulations, Standards, and Guidelines......Page 35 Morality and Behavior......Page 37 Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas......Page 38 Conclusion......Page 41 Key Terms......Page 42 Discussion Questions......Page 43 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 44 Suggested Readings......Page 46 2 Determining Moral Behavior......Page 48 Ethical Systems......Page 50 Ethical Formalism......Page 52 Utilitarianism......Page 55 Other Ethical Systems......Page 57 Religion......Page 58 Natural Law......Page 61 The Ethics of Virtue......Page 62 The Ethics of Care......Page 65 Egoism......Page 67 Other Methods of Ethical Decision Making......Page 68 Relativism and Absolutism......Page 73 Toward a Resolution: Situational Ethics......Page 74 Resulting Concerns......Page 76 Conclusion......Page 77 Key Terms......Page 78 Review Questions......Page 79 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 80 Suggested Readings......Page 81 3 Making Ethical Decisions......Page 84 Theories of Moral Development......Page 85 Biological Theories......Page 86 Learning Theory......Page 87 Developmental Theories......Page 89 Predicting Behavior......Page 95 Teaching Ethics......Page 96 Morality, Criminology, and Offender Populations......Page 100 Why Be Ethical?......Page 103 Conclusion......Page 105 Review Questions......Page 106 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 107 Suggested Readings......Page 108 4 The Origins and Concept Of Justice......Page 110 Components of Justice......Page 112 Distributive Justice......Page 114 Substantive Justice......Page 123 Procedural Justice......Page 128 Key Terms......Page 134 Discussion Questions......Page 135 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 136 Suggested Readings......Page 138 5 Law and the Individual......Page 140 The Consensus Paradigm......Page 141 The Conflict Paradigm......Page 143 The Pluralist Paradigm......Page 146 Legal Paternalism......Page 147 Legal Moralism......Page 149 Punishing the Mentally Ill......Page 151 Punishing Juveniles......Page 153 Punishing White-Collar Criminals......Page 156 Immoral Laws and the Moral Person......Page 158 Victims’ Rights......Page 162 Media’s Portrayal of Victims......Page 163 Victim Precipitation......Page 167 Restorative Justice......Page 168 Key Terms......Page 171 Discussion Questions......Page 172 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 173 Suggested Readings......Page 174 6 Ethics and the Criminal Justice Professional......Page 176 Policy Making in Criminal Justice......Page 177 Ideologies of Liberalism and Conservatism......Page 178 Criminal Justice Researchers—Participants in Myth Making?......Page 181 Balancing Law and Justice......Page 185 The Criminal Justice Professional......Page 187 Leadership and Training......Page 190 Teaching Ethics in Criminal Justice......Page 193 Avoiding Cynicism and Burnout......Page 194 Key Terms......Page 197 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 198 Suggested Readings......Page 200 7 The Police Role in Society: Crime Fighter or Public Servent?......Page 202 Crime Fighter or Public Servant?......Page 204 Community Policing......Page 207 Authority and Power......Page 208 Formal Ethics for Police Officers......Page 210 The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics......Page 211 Themes and Value Systems......Page 213 A Different Culture?......Page 218 Discretion......Page 220 Discretion and Duty......Page 223 Discretion and Discrimination......Page 227 Crime Fighter and Pubic Servant?......Page 238 Conclusion......Page 240 Review Questions......Page 241 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 242 Suggested Readings......Page 243 Appendix......Page 244 8 Corruption and the “Code”......Page 248 Types of Corruption......Page 250 Gratuities......Page 7 On-Duty Use of Drugs and Alcohol......Page 258 Graft......Page 259 Sexual Harassment and Assault......Page 260 Criminal Cops......Page 262 Excessive Force......Page 264 Culture of Force......Page 268 Research on Excessive Force......Page 269 Deadly Force......Page 272 Summary......Page 273 A Worldwide Problem......Page 274 Measures of Corruption......Page 277 Individual Explanations......Page 279 Organizational Explanations......Page 280 Societal Explanations......Page 281 Conclusion......Page 282 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 283 Suggested Readings......Page 285 9 Noble-Cause Corruption......Page 288 Introduction......Page 289 Investigation......Page 291 Proactive Investigations......Page 292 The Use of Undercover Officers......Page 295 The Use of Informants......Page 299 Justifications for Undercover Operations......Page 301 Interrogation......Page 305 Loyalty and Whistleblowing......Page 309 Teleological Arguments......Page 311 Loyalty......Page 312 Sanctions Against Whistleblowers......Page 313 Reducing Corruption......Page 315 Education and Training......Page 316 Integrity Testing......Page 318 Early Warning or Audit Systems......Page 320 Other Methods......Page 322 Ethical Leadership......Page 323 Review Questions......Page 327 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 328 Suggested Readings......Page 330 10 Ethics and Legal Professionals......Page 332 First, Let’s Kill All the Lawyers . . .......Page 333 Ethical Issues for Legal Professionals......Page 335 The Attorney–Client Relationship......Page 337 Legal Agent Versus Moral Agent?......Page 338 A Higher Standard of Behavior?......Page 340 Ethical Issues for Defense Attorneys......Page 341 Responsibility to the Client......Page 343 Confidentiality......Page 344 Conflicts of Interest......Page 348 Zealous Defense......Page 349 Use of Discretion......Page 352 Conflicts of Interest......Page 355 Plea Bargaining......Page 356 Media Relations......Page 358 Expert Witnesses......Page 359 Zealous Prosecution......Page 363 Prosecutorial Misconduct......Page 364 Review Questions......Page 367 Discussion Questions......Page 368 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 369 Suggested Readings......Page 370 11 Justice and Judicial Ethics......Page 372 Perceptions of Judicial Processing......Page 373 Ethical Guidelines......Page 377 Use of Discretion......Page 378 Judicial Misconduct......Page 382 Justice on Trial?......Page 385 Judicial Independence and the Constitution......Page 393 Conclusion......Page 396 Review Questions......Page 397 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 398 Suggested Readings......Page 399 12 The Ethics of Punishment and Corrections......Page 402 Rationales for Punishment and Corrections......Page 404 Retribution......Page 406 Prevention......Page 409 Utilitarianism......Page 415 Ethical Formalism......Page 417 Ethics of Care......Page 418 Punishment......Page 419 Humane Punishment......Page 420 Capital Punishment......Page 421 Private Corrections......Page 424 Conclusion......Page 428 Review Questions......Page 429 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 430 Suggested Readings......Page 431 13 Ethics and Institutional Corrections......Page 434 Correctional Professionals......Page 435 Correctional Officers......Page 436 The Correctional Officer Subculture......Page 439 Relationships with Inmates......Page 441 General Conduct and the “Good Officer”......Page 444 Use of Force......Page 446 Corruption......Page 448 Loyalty and Whistleblowing......Page 452 Jail Officers......Page 454 Treatment Staff......Page 457 Management Issues......Page 460 Correctional Management and the Courts......Page 461 Cross-Sex Supervision......Page 463 The Use of Supermax Prisons......Page 466 Abu Ghraib: A Prison by Any Other Name......Page 467 Key Terms......Page 468 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 469 Suggested Readings......Page 470 14 Ethics and Community Corrections......Page 472 The Concept of Community Corrections......Page 473 The Use of Discretion......Page 475 The Probation/Parole Officer Subculture......Page 477 Caseload Supervision......Page 479 Corruption......Page 481 Parole......Page 482 A New Paradigm of Corrections?......Page 483 Reintegrative Shaming Versus Stigmatizing Shaming......Page 486 Ethical Issues in Restorative Justice......Page 488 Conclusion......Page 490 Review Questions......Page 491 Discussion Questions......Page 492 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 493 Suggested Readings......Page 494 15 Ethical Choices and the “War on Terror”......Page 496 The Threat of Terrorism......Page 497 The “Just War” Debate......Page 498 The Response to 9/11......Page 499 Crime Control and “Means–End” Thinking......Page 505 Crime Control, Human Rights, and the War on Terror......Page 508 A License to Commit Crime?......Page 511 Conclusion......Page 514 Review Questions......Page 515 Ethical Dilemmas......Page 516 Suggested Readings......Page 517 Bibliography......Page 518 Name Index......Page 542 Subject Index......Page 548 Table of Cases......Page 552 MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict Front Cover 1 Title Page 2 Copyright 3 Contents 4 Preface 12 1 Morality, Ethics, and Human Behavior 18 Why Study Ethics? 19 Defining Terms 24 Morals and Ethics 25 Making Moral Judgments 25 Duties 28 Values 29 Morality and the Law 31 Criminal Culpability/Moral Culpability 32 Regulations, Standards, and Guidelines 35 Morality and Behavior 37 Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas 38 Conclusion 41 Key Terms 42 Review Questions 43 Discussion Questions 43 Ethical Dilemmas 44 Suggested Readings 46 2 Determining Moral Behavior 48 Ethical Systems 50 Deontological and Teleological Ethical Systems 52 Ethical Formalism 52 Utilitarianism 55 Other Ethical Systems 57 Religion 58 Natural Law 61 The Ethics of Virtue 62 The Ethics of Care 65 Egoism 67 Other Methods of Ethical Decision Making 68 Relativism and Absolutism 73 Toward a Resolution: Situational Ethics 74 Resulting Concerns 76 Conclusion 77 Key Terms 78 Review Questions 79 Discussion Questions 80 Ethical Dilemmas 80 Suggested Readings 81 3 Making Ethical Decisions 84 Theories of Moral Development 85 Biological Theories 86 Learning Theory 87 Developmental Theories 89 Ethics, Behavior, and Criminality 95 Predicting Behavior 95 Teaching Ethics 96 Morality, Criminology, and Offender Populations 100 Why Be Ethical? 103 Conclusion 105 Key Terms 106 Review Questions 106 Discussion Questions 107 Ethical Dilemmas 107 Suggested Readings 108 4 The Origins and Concept Of Justice 110 Origins of the Concept of Justice 112 Components of Justice 112 Distributive Justice 114 Corrective Justice 123 Substantive Justice 123 Procedural Justice 128 Conclusion 134 Key Terms 134 Review Questions 135 Discussion Questions 135 Ethical Dilemmas 136 Suggested Readings 138 5 Law and the Individual 140 Paradigms of Law 141 The Consensus Paradigm 141 The Conflict Paradigm 143 The Pluralist Paradigm 146 Justifications for Law 147 Legal Paternalism 147 Legal Moralism 149 Criminal and Moral Culpability 151 Punishing the Mentally Ill 151 Punishing Juveniles 153 Punishing White-Collar Criminals 156 Immoral Laws and the Moral Person 158 Victims’ Rights 162 Media’s Portrayal of Victims 163 Victim Precipitation 167 Restorative Justice 168 Conclusion 171 Key Terms 171 Review Questions 172 Discussion Questions 172 Ethical Dilemmas 173 Suggested Readings 174 6 Ethics and the Criminal Justice Professional 176 Policy Making in Criminal Justice 177 Ideologies of Liberalism and Conservatism 178 Myths and Reality in Criminal Justice 181 Criminal Justice Researchers—Participants in Myth Making? 181 Balancing Law and Justice 185 The Criminal Justice Professional 187 Leadership and Training 190 Teaching Ethics in Criminal Justice 193 Avoiding Cynicism and Burnout 194 Conclusion 197 Key Terms 197 Review Questions 198 Discussion Questions 198 Ethical Dilemmas 198 Suggested Readings 200 7 The Police Role in Society: Crime Fighter or Public Servent? 202 Crime Fighter or Public Servant? 204 Community Policing 207 Authority and Power 208 Formal Ethics for Police Officers 210 The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics 211 The Police Subculture 213 Themes and Value Systems 213 The Cop Code 218 A Different Culture? 218 Discretion, Duty, and Discrimination 220 Discretion 220 Discretion and Duty 223 Discretion and Discrimination 227 Crime Fighter and Pubic Servant? 238 Conclusion 240 Key Terms 241 Review Questions 241 Discussion Questions 242 Ethical Dilemmas 242 Suggested Readings 243 Appendix 244 8 Corruption and the “Code” 248 Types of Corruption 250 Gratuities 7 On-Duty Use of Drugs and Alcohol 258 Graft 259 Sexual Harassment and Assault 260 Criminal Cops 262 Excessive Force 264 Culture of Force 268 Research on Excessive Force 269 Deadly Force 272 Summary 273 A Worldwide Problem 274 Measures of Corruption 277 Explanations of Deviance 279 Individual Explanations 279 Organizational Explanations 280 Societal Explanations 281 Conclusion 282 Review Questions 283 Discussion Questions 283 Ethical Dilemmas 283 Suggested Readings 285 9 Noble-Cause Corruption 288 Introduction 289 Investigation 291 Proactive Investigations 292 Police and the Media 295 The Use of Undercover Officers 295 The Use of Informants 299 Justifications for Undercover Operations 301 Interrogation 305 Loyalty and Whistleblowing 309 Teleological Arguments 311 Deontological Arguments 312 Loyalty 312 Sanctions Against Whistleblowers 313 Reducing Corruption 315 Education and Training 316 Integrity Testing 318 Internal Affairs and Civilian Review/Complaint Boards 320 Early Warning or Audit Systems 320 Other Methods 322 Ethical Leadership 323 Conclusion 327 Key Terms 327 Review Questions 327 Discussion Questions 328 Ethical Dilemmas 328 Suggested Readings 330 10 Ethics and Legal Professionals 332 First, Let’s Kill All the Lawyers . . . 333 Ethical Issues for Legal Professionals 335 The Attorney–Client Relationship 337 Legal Agent Versus Moral Agent? 338 A Higher Standard of Behavior? 340 Ethical Issues for Defense Attorneys 341 Responsibility to the Client 343 Confidentiality 344 Conflicts of Interest 348 Zealous Defense 349 Ethical Issues for Prosecutors 352 Use of Discretion 352 Conflicts of Interest 355 Plea Bargaining 356 Media Relations 358 Expert Witnesses 359 Zealous Prosecution 363 Prosecutorial Misconduct 364 Conclusion 367 Key Terms 367 Review Questions 367 Discussion Questions 368 Ethical Dilemmas 369 Suggested Readings 370 11 Justice and Judicial Ethics 372 Perceptions of Judicial Processing 373 Ethical Issues for Judges 377 Ethical Guidelines 377 Use of Discretion 378 Judicial Misconduct 382 Justice on Trial? 385 Judicial Independence and the Constitution 393 Conclusion 396 Key Terms 397 Review Questions 397 Discussion Questions 398 Ethical Dilemmas 398 Suggested Readings 399 12 The Ethics of Punishment and Corrections 402 Rationales for Punishment and Corrections 404 Retribution 406 Prevention 409 Ethical Frameworks for Corrections 415 Utilitarianism 415 Ethical Formalism 417 Ethics of Care 418 Rawlsian Ethics 419 Punishment 419 Humane Punishment 420 Capital Punishment 421 Private Corrections 424 Conclusion 428 Key Terms 429 Review Questions 429 Discussion Questions 430 Ethical Dilemmas 430 Suggested Readings 431 13 Ethics and Institutional Corrections 434 Correctional Professionals 435 Correctional Officers 436 The Correctional Officer Subculture 439 Relationships with Inmates 441 General Conduct and the “Good Officer” 444 Use of Force 446 Corruption 448 Loyalty and Whistleblowing 452 Jail Officers 454 Treatment Staff 457 Management Issues 460 Correctional Management and the Courts 461 Correctional Management and Unions 463 Cross-Sex Supervision 463 The Use of Supermax Prisons 466 Abu Ghraib: A Prison by Any Other Name 467 Conclusion 468 Key Terms 468 Review Questions 469 Discussion Questions 469 Ethical Dilemmas 469 Suggested Readings 470 14 Ethics and Community Corrections 472 The Concept of Community Corrections 473 Probation and Parole Officers 475 The Use of Discretion 475 The Probation/Parole Officer Subculture 477 Caseload Supervision 479 Corruption 481 Parole 482 A New Paradigm of Corrections? 483 Reintegrative Shaming Versus Stigmatizing Shaming 486 Ethical Issues in Restorative Justice 488 Conclusion 490 Key Terms 491 Review Questions 491 Discussion Questions 492 Ethical Dilemmas 493 Suggested Readings 494 15 Ethical Choices and the “War on Terror” 496 The Threat of Terrorism 497 The “Just War” Debate 498 The Response to 9/11 499 Crime Control and “Means–End” Thinking 505 Crime Control, Human Rights, and the War on Terror 508 A License to Commit Crime? 511 Conclusion 514 Key Terms 515 Review Questions 515 Discussion Questions 516 Ethical Dilemmas 516 Suggested Readings 517 Bibliography 518 Name Index 542 Subject Index 548 Table of Cases 552 This text is designed to introduce students to ethical decision making in the criminal justice system. It has balanced coverage of all three segments of the system and both philosophical principles/theories and hands-on criminal justice issues and applications