Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice (ETHICS IN CRIME AND JUSTICE)

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107 Conclusion 108 Key Terms 109 Review Questions 109 Writing/Discussion Questions 109 Ethical Dilemmas 110 Suggested Readings 111 CHAPTER 4 THE ORIGINS AND CONCEPT OF JUSTICE 112 Origins of the Concept of Justice 114 Components of Justice 115 Distributive Justice 116 Corrective Justice 123 Substantive Justice 124 Procedural Justice 128 Conclusion 134 Key Terms 134 Review Questions 135 Writing/Discussion Questions 135 Ethical Dilemmas 136 Suggested Readings 137 CHAPTER 5 LAW AND THE INDIVIDUAL 138 Paradigms of Law 141 The Consensus Paradigm 142 The Conflict Paradigm 143 The Pluralist Paradigm 146 Justifications for Law 147 Legal Paternalism 148 Legal Moralism 150 Criminal and Moral Culpability 152 Punishing the Mentally Challenged 152 Punishing Juveniles 155 Punishing White-Collar Criminals 158 Victim Precipitation 160 Immoral Laws and the Moral Person 161 Victims’ Rights 165 Media’s Portrayal of Victims 166 Restorative Justice 168 Conclusion 171 Key Terms 172 Review Questions 172 Writing/Discussion Questions 172 Ethical Dilemmas 173 Suggested Readings 174 CHAPTER 6 ETHICS AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSIONAL 176 Policy Making in Criminal Justice 177 Ideologies of Liberalism and Conservatism 178 Myths and Reality in Criminal Justice 181 Criminal Justice Researchers—Participants in Myth Making? 182 Balancing Law and Justice 184 The Criminal Justice Professional 187 Leadership, Training, and the Ethical Organization 192 Teaching Ethics in Criminal Justice 196 Avoiding Cynicism and Burnout 198 Conclusion 199 Key Terms 199 Review Questions 199 Writing/Discussion Questions 200 Ethical Dilemmas 200 Suggested Readings 201 CHAPTER 7 THE POLICE ROLE IN SOCIETY: CRIME FIGHTER OR PUBLIC SERVANT? 202 Crime Fighter or Public Servant? 205 Crime Control 206 Community Policing 208 Authority and Power 210 Formal Ethics for Police Officers 212 The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics 212 The Police Subculture 215 Themes and Value Systems 216 The Cop Code 218 A Different Culture? 219 Discretion, Duty, and Discrimination 221 Discretion 221 Duty 225 Discrimination 228 Crime Fighter and Public Servant? 237 Conclusion 240 Key Terms 240 Review Questions 240 Writing/Discussion Questions 240 Ethical Dilemmas 241 Suggested Readings 242 CHAPTER 8 CORRUPTION AND THE “CODE” 244 Types of Corruption 247 Gratuities 249 On-Duty Use of Drugs and Alcohol 257 Graft 258 Sexual Misconduct 259 Criminal Cops 262 Excessive Force 265 Culture of Force 269 Research on Excessive Force 270 Deadly Force 273 Summary 274 A Worldwide Problem 275 Measures of Corruption 276 Explanations of Deviance 277 Individual Explanations 278 Organizational Explanations 280 Societal Explanations 282 Conclusion 283 Key Terms 283 Review Questions 283 Writing/Discussion Questions 284 Ethical Dilemmas 284 Suggested Readings 285 CHAPTER 9 INVESTIGATIVE METHODS, NOBLE-CAUSE, AND REDUCING POLICE CORRUPTION 288 Noble-Cause Corruption 289 Investigation 292 Proactive Investigations 293 Police Deception and the Media 296 The Use of Undercover Officers 297 The Use of Informants 300 Justifications for Undercover Operations 303 Interrogation 306 Loyalty and Whistleblowing 309 Teleological Arguments 313 Deontological Arguments 313 Loyalty 314 Sanctions Against Whistleblowers 315 Reducing Police Corruption 316 Education and Training 317 Integrity Testing 318 Internal Affairs 320 Civilian Review/Complaint Boards 321 Early Warning or Audit Systems 321 Other Methods 323 Ethical Leadership 324 Conclusion 327 Key Terms 327 Review Questions 328 Writing/Discussion Questions 328 Ethical Dilemmas 328 Suggested Readings 330 CHAPTER 10 ETHICS AND LEGAL PROFESSIONALS 332 First, Let’s Kill All the Lawyers… 334 Ethical Issues for Legal Professionals 335 The Attorney–Client Relationship 339 Legal Agent Versus Moral Agent? 340 A Higher Standard of Behavior? 342 Ethical Issues for Defense Attorneys 343 Responsibility to the Client 345 Confidentiality 346 Conflicts of Interest 350 Zealous Defense 351 Ethical Issues for Prosecutors 355 Use of Discretion 355 Conflicts of Interest 359 Plea Bargaining 361 Media Relations 362 Expert Witnesses 364 Zealous Prosecution 369 Prosecutorial Misconduct 370 Conclusion 373 Key Terms 373 Review Questions 373 Writing/Discussion Questions 373 Ethical Dilemmas 374 Suggested Readings 375 CHAPTER 11 JUSTICE AND JUDICIAL ETHICS 376 Perceptions of Judicial Processing 378 Ethical Issues for Judges 381 Ethical Guidelines 382 Use of Discretion 383 Judicial Misconduct 388 Justice on Trial? 391 Judicial Independence and the Constitution 396 Judicial Activism 399 Conclusion 401 Key Terms 402 Review Questions 402 Writing/Discussion Questions 402 Ethical Dilemmas 402 Suggested Readings 404 CHAPTER 12 THE ETHICS OF PUNISHMENT AND CORRECTIONS 406 Rationales for Punishment and Corrections 408 Retribution 410 Prevention 414 Ethical Frameworks for Corrections 418 Utilitarianism 418 Ethical Formalism 420 Ethics of Care 421 Rawlsian Ethics 422 Punishment 422 Humane Punishment 423 Capital Punishment 424 Private Corrections 428 Conclusion 431 Key Terms 431 Review Questions 431 Writing/Discussion Questions 432 Ethical Dilemmas 432 Suggested Readings 433 CHAPTER 13 ETHICS AND INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 434 Correctional Officers 437 The Correctional Officer Subculture 439 Relationships with Inmates 443 Use of Force 446 Corruption and Abuse 447 Jail Officers 452 Treatment Staff 453 Managing the Ethical Prison 457 The Use of Supermax Prisons 460 Abu Ghraib: A Prison by Any Other Name 460 Conclusion 462 Key Terms 463 Review Questions 463 Writing/Discussion Questions 463 Ethical Dilemmas 464 Suggested Readings 465 CHAPTER 14 ETHICS AND COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS 466 The Concept of Community Corrections 467 Probation and Parole Officers 469 The Use of Discretion 470 The Probation/Parole Officer Subculture 471 Caseload Supervision 473 Corruption 475 Parole 476 A New Paradigm of Corrections? 477 Reintegrative Shaming Versus Stigmatizing Shaming 480 Ethical Issues in Restorative Justice 482 Conclusion 484 Key Terms 485 Review Questions 485 Writing/Discussion Questions 485 Ethical Dilemmas 485 Suggested Readings 487 CHAPTER 15 ETHICAL CHOICES AND THE “WAR ON TERROR” 488 The Threat of Terrorism 489 “Just Wars” and Just Means 490 The Response to 9/11 492 Crime Control and “Means–End” Thinking 510 Crime Control, Human Rights, and the War on Terror 513 Conclusion 517 Key Terms 518 Review Questions 518 Writing/Discussion Questions 518 Ethical Dilemmas 518 Suggested Readings 519 GLOSSARY 520 BIBLIOGRAPHY 526 NAME INDEX 548 SUBJECT INDEX 553 CASE INDEX 559 CREDITS 560 Chapter 1-Morality, Ethics, and Human Behavior Chapter 2-Determining Moral Behavior Chapter 3-Making Ethical Decisions Chapter 4-The Origins and Concept of Justice Chapter 5-Law and the Individual Chapter 6-Ethics and the Criminal Justice Professional Chapter 7-The Police Role in Society: Crime Fighter on Public Servant? Chapter 8-corruption and the "Code" Chapter 9-Investifative methods, Nobel-Cause, and Reducing Police Corruption Chapter 10-Ethics and Legal Professionals Chapter 11-Justice and Judicial Ethics Chapter 12-The Ethics of Punishment and Corrections Chapter 13-Ethics and Institutional Corrections Chapter 14- Ethics and Community Corrections Chapter 15-Ethical Choices and the "War on Terror."