Ethereum for Architects and Developers : With Case Studies and Code Samples in Solidity

Explore the Ethereum ecosystem step by step with extensive theory, labs, and live use cases. This book takes you through BlockChain concepts; decentralized applications; Ethereum’s architecture; Solidity smart contract programming with examples; and testing, debugging, and deploying smart contracts on your local machine and on the cloud. You’ll cover best practices for writing contracts with ample examples to allow you to write high-quality contracts with optimal usage of fuel. In later chapters, Ethereum for Architects and Developers covers use cases from different business areas, such as finance, travel, supply-chain, insurance, and land registry. Many of these sectors are explained with flowcharts, diagrams, and sample code that you can refer to and further enhance in live projects. By the end of the book, you will have enough information to use Ethereum to create value for your business processes and build foolproof data storage for smoother execution of business. What You Will Learn Discover key BlockChain concepts Master the architecture, building blocks, and ecosystem of Ethereum Develop smart contracts from scratch Debug, test, and deploy to test Take advantage of Ethereum in your business area Who This Book Is For BlockChain developers and architects wanting to develop decentralized Ethereum applications or learn its architecture. Table of Contents......Page 5 About the Author......Page 14 About the Technical Reviewer......Page 15 Acknowledgments......Page 16 Preface......Page 17 Guidelines to Use the Book......Page 19 Chapter 1: The World of Blockchains......Page 21 Why Bitcoin Took the Market by Storm......Page 22 Blockchains and Smart Contracts, the Need of the Hour......Page 23 Business Problem......Page 25 Fully Distributed Model......Page 26 Fully Centralized Model......Page 27 DLT, or the Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Model......Page 29 DLT vs. Blockchains......Page 32 Benefits of Blockchains......Page 33 Blockchain Transactions and Blocks......Page 34 Block Header......Page 35 Merkle Tree......Page 36 Double Spending......Page 38 Blockchain Hashing......Page 39 Public and Private Keys......Page 40 Consensus......Page 41 Proof of Work......Page 42 Proof of Stake......Page 43 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance......Page 44 Forks in Blockchains......Page 45 Soft Fork......Page 46 Forks in Ethereum......Page 47 Types of Visibilities in Blockchain Networks......Page 48 Consortium or Federated Blockchains......Page 49 Advantages of Ethereum......Page 50 Leading Blockchain and DLT Protocols......Page 51 R3 Corda......Page 52 Cardano......Page 53 Hashgraph......Page 54 Most Ambitious Ethereum Projects in Production......Page 55 Bitcoin vs. Ethereum......Page 57 Ethereum Virtual Machine......Page 58 Consensus Mechanism......Page 59 Smart Contracts......Page 60 Gas......Page 61 Ethereum Accounts......Page 63 The Entire Ethereum Ecosystem......Page 64 Interplanetary File System......Page 65 Sharing Data on IPFS......Page 66 Sharing Data on IPFS by Asymmetric Cryptography......Page 67 IPFS and Ethereum, Brothers in Arms......Page 68 IPFS vs. Swarm......Page 69 Whisper......Page 70 Wei......Page 72 How to Get Ether......Page 73 Private Ethereum Blockchains......Page 74 Remix Browser......Page 75 Deploying Contracts in Remix......Page 77 Application Binary Interface......Page 79 Version......Page 82 Fixed Numbers......Page 83 Enum......Page 84 Struct......Page 85 Mappings......Page 86 Function......Page 87 Fallback Function......Page 89 Constructor......Page 90 Getter and Setter......Page 92 Error Handling: throw, revert(), assert(), require()......Page 94 Function with No Gas Cost......Page 96 Pure......Page 97 Stack......Page 98 Events......Page 99 Encapsulation......Page 100 Inheritance......Page 103 Abstract Contract......Page 105 Interface......Page 107 Libraries......Page 108 End a Contract......Page 109 Solidity, Bytecode, and Opcode......Page 111 Assembly Language......Page 112 Running on Remix......Page 113 Debugging on Remix......Page 117 Unit Testing......Page 122 Populus......Page 123 Local Ethereum Testing with Ganache......Page 124 Public Ethereum Testing with the Ropsten Testnet......Page 128 Using MetaMask......Page 129 Deploying the Contract......Page 134 Deploying on a Private Network......Page 140 Installing......Page 141 Getting Started......Page 142 Mining Ether......Page 148 Deploying on the Cloud......Page 149 Deploying a Private Ethereum Blockchain on Microsoft Azure......Page 150 Amazon AWS and IBM Bluemix......Page 157 Introduction to Web3.js......Page 158 Installing Node and Web3.js......Page 159 Writing a Smart Contract......Page 161 Writing the Front-End Code......Page 162 Testing Through the Screen......Page 167 Testing Through Remix......Page 168 Chapter 6: Advanced Programming in Oraclize and IPFS, and Best Practices......Page 169 Oraclize......Page 170 Example......Page 172 Trying the Oraclize IDE......Page 175 Encrypting Data with a Python Script......Page 177 Oraclize Real-Life Implementations......Page 179 Benefits of IPFS......Page 180 Locally Configuring IPFS......Page 181 IPNS......Page 190 Ethereum Best Practices......Page 191 Naming Conventions......Page 192 Overflow and Underflow......Page 193 Reentrancy......Page 194 Unit Testing......Page 196 Security Tools......Page 197 Truffle......Page 198 Create a Truffle Project......Page 199 Unit Testing......Page 202 Truffle Road Map......Page 207 Create an Embark Project......Page 208 Unit Testing......Page 212 Chapter 8: Testing Strategy for Ethereum Dapps......Page 213 Standard Functional Testing......Page 214 Standard Nonfunctional Testing......Page 215 Smart Contract Testing......Page 216 Token Testing......Page 217 Chapter 9: Ethereum Use Cases......Page 218 ICO Road Map......Page 219 Announcement of the ICO......Page 220 Token Creation......Page 221 Product Development......Page 222 ERC20......Page 223 Functions......Page 224 Solution......Page 225 Deployon Mist......Page 228 Top ERC Tokens That Can Replace ERC20......Page 230 Microfinance......Page 231 Solution......Page 232 Smart Contract Rules......Page 236 Solution......Page 237 Ethereum Advantages......Page 241 Live Implementation......Page 242 Solution......Page 243 Ethereum Advantages......Page 244 Solution......Page 245 Ethereum Advantages......Page 247 Solution......Page 248 Ethereum Advantages......Page 249 Solution......Page 250 Live Implementations......Page 251 Solution......Page 252 Ethereum Advantages......Page 253 Live Implementations......Page 254 Solution......Page 255 Ethereum Advantages......Page 257 Live Implementations......Page 258 The Evolution of Ethereum......Page 259 Constantinople Metropolis Phase II, Slated for 2018......Page 260 Casper Proof of Stake......Page 261 Sharding......Page 262 Raiden Network......Page 263 Internet of Blockchains: Polkadot, Cosmos, Coco......Page 264 Governance......Page 265 References......Page 267 Index......Page 273