Establishing Plus-Minus-Energy-Regions : The Maluku Archipelago in Indonesia

This book explains and illustrates how Indonesia as the largest and most populous country in Southeast Asia can become independent of fossil fuels by both reducing its energy needs and using renewable resources. A study presented in this work focuses on the Maluku Archipelago in eastern Indonesia with Ambon as its capital. Conventional energy is brought to the islands over long distances by partly simple means as boats, ships and aircrafts. This unsustainable situation calls for a decentralized renewable energy supply strategy. Based on the research presented in this book, it is clear that the archipelago has the potential to become a so-called plus-minus region. Plus-minus regions are regions that produce more renewable energy than they need and capture more CO2 than they emit. The authors are convinced that the presented strategy illustrated on the Maluku Archipelago can be transferred to other regions of the world and that only by developing plus-minus regions the international 2°C climate goal can be achieved. The model region thus serves as proof that the plus-minus target can also be achieved in emerging countries with limited financial resources. Foreword by Lamia Messari-Becker Foreword by Peter Droege Preface Acknowledgements About This Book Contents About the Authors Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables List of Maps Part I Time Is Running Out 1 Why There Is No Time Left 2 City, Urbanization, and Energy 3 Energy by Source and Demand 4 Energy Footprints, the Intra-Muros Principle and Plus–Minus Regions 5 The Space Resource Principle 6 The Spatial Prototype Principle 7 The Principle of Closing Loops 8 The Social City Part II Wonders of Thousands of Islands 9 Indonesia 9.1 Overview of Indonesia 9.2 Energy Status Quo of Indonesia 10 The Province of Maluku 10.1 Energy History 10.2 Energy Sectors and Energy Consumption in the Province of Maluku 10.3 Status Quo of Emissions in the Province 11 Ambon Island and Ambon City 11.1 Ambon City and Energy 11.2 Prototyping Ambon City and Ambon Island 12 Methodology for the Atlas Part III Turning Maluku Towards a Sustainable Energy Future 13 Potentials for Energy Conservation 13.1 Living 13.2 Mobility 13.3 Working 14 Renewable Energy Potentials 14.1 Solar Energy 14.2 Hydropower 14.3 Wind Power 14.4 Bioenergy 14.5 Geothermal Energy 14.6 Thermal Energy from Wastewater 15 Two Scenarios for a Renewable Transition 15.1 National Strategic Scenario (NSS) 15.2 Ambitious Innovation Scenario (AIS) 15.3 The Strategy Matrix 16 The Moluccan Energy Transition Part IV The Atlas 17 Atlas and Data 18 Mapping Results 18.1 Mapping Prototypes 18.2 Mapping Energy Consumption 18.3 Mapping Renewable Energy Production 18.4 Mapping Greenhouse Gas Emissions 19 Recommendations 19.1 Sufficiency Measures 19.2 Efficiency Measures 19.3 Renewable Energy Generation 19.4 Infrastructure Measures 19.5 Financing 20 Conclusion Bibliography Index