Essentials of Public Health Biology 2019

Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 5 Contents......Page 9 Prologue......Page 23 Contributors......Page 27 Reviewers......Page 30 Introduction......Page 33 Overview of Public Health Biology......Page 36 Chapter 1 Risk Assessment, Communication, and Management......Page 51 Introduction......Page 54 Risk Assessment......Page 56 Risk Communication......Page 64 Health Communication......Page 67 Risk Management......Page 73 Why Do Risk Analysis?......Page 77 Key Terms......Page 78 Discussion Questions......Page 79 References......Page 81 Chapter 2 Cell Properties and Function......Page 84 Introduction......Page 87 Cell Basics......Page 91 Organelles......Page 95 Basic and Specialized Cell Functions......Page 104 Cell Organization......Page 106 Cell Exchanges......Page 112 Homeostasis......Page 113 Case Report......Page 116 Key Terms......Page 120 Discussion Questions......Page 121 References......Page 122 Chapter 3 Public Health Microbiology......Page 123 Introduction......Page 126 The Microbial World......Page 127 The Beneficial Aspects of Microbes......Page 136 Bacteria......Page 139 Bacterial Genetics......Page 153 Viruses......Page 160 Microbial Disease......Page 167 Current Challenges to Public Health Microbiology......Page 183 Key Terms......Page 195 Discussion Questions......Page 198 References......Page 200 Chapter 4 Immunizations and Immunity......Page 206 Introduction......Page 209 Mechanisms of Immunity......Page 212 Antibodies at Work......Page 219 Vaccines......Page 227 Future Vaccines......Page 232 Public Health Perspectives for the Health of the General Population and of High-Risk Groups......Page 234 Barriers to Achieving Widespread Coverage......Page 241 Case Report......Page 243 Key Terms......Page 244 Discussion Questions......Page 245 References......Page 246 Chapter 5 Genetics in Public Health......Page 247 Introduction......Page 250 Basic Properties of DNA......Page 252 Inheritance......Page 255 Human Genome Project......Page 259 Genetic Variation......Page 267 Direct-to-Consumer Testing......Page 270 Public Health Relevance......Page 274 Key Terms......Page 279 Discussion Questions......Page 280 References......Page 282 Chapter 6 Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease......Page 286 Introduction......Page 289 Mechanisms of Epigenetic Modification......Page 291 Epigenetics and Development......Page 295 Genomic Imprinting......Page 300 The Dynamic Epigenome......Page 303 Epigenetics and Metabolism......Page 309 Early Chemical Exposures and Long-Term Consequences......Page 313 Epigenetic Changes as Biomarkers of Exposure......Page 317 Epigenetics and Cancer......Page 319 Conclusion......Page 322 Key Terms......Page 323 Discussion Questions......Page 324 References......Page 325 Chapter 7 A Public Health View of Cancer......Page 331 Introduction......Page 334 History of Cancer Research in the United States......Page 338 The Biology of Cancer......Page 339 Causes of Cancer......Page 343 Health Disparities and Cancer......Page 350 Reducing Cancer Disease Burden......Page 354 Remaining Challenges......Page 359 Key Terms......Page 362 Discussion Questions......Page 363 References......Page 364 Chapter 8 Nutrition and Public Health......Page 367 Introduction......Page 370 The Science of Nutrition......Page 371 Human Nutritional Requirements......Page 391 Nutrition Surveillance and Dietary Recommendations for Disease Prevention......Page 398 Malnutrition and Food Insecurity......Page 401 Food Systems in Public Health......Page 407 Key Terms......Page 411 Discussion Questions......Page 412 References......Page 413 Chapter 9 Overfeeding, Disuse, and Cardiometabolic Outcomes......Page 419 Introduction......Page 422 Substrate Metabolism......Page 425 Subsistence Efficiency......Page 430 Weight Gain and Obesity......Page 432 Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes......Page 434 Factors for Cardiometabolic Risk......Page 440 Implications for Public Health Practice......Page 445 Case Report......Page 452 Key Terms......Page 453 Discussion Questions......Page 454 References......Page 455 Chapter 10 Maternal Biology......Page 460 Introduction......Page 463 Female Reproductive Physiology and Management......Page 464 Physiology of Normal Pregnancy......Page 485 Maternofetal Transmission......Page 520 Maternal–Perinatal Infection......Page 527 Management of Normal Pregnancy......Page 542 Maternal Health in the World......Page 553 Key Terms......Page 558 Discussion Questions......Page 560 References......Page 563 Chapter 11 Aging......Page 576 Introduction......Page 579 Theories of Aging......Page 582 Physiologic Changes Occurring with Aging......Page 589 Public Health Challenges......Page 600 Health Promotion Initiatives for Older People......Page 605 Case Report......Page 611 Key Terms......Page 614 Discussion Questions......Page 615 References......Page 616 Additional Reading......Page 621 Chapter 12 Mental Illness and Addiction......Page 622 Introduction......Page 625 The Descriptive Epidemiology of Mental Illness and Addiction......Page 629 The Psychobiology of Mental Illness and Addiction......Page 642 Epigenetic Modifications in Mental Illness......Page 652 The Economic Cost of Mental Illness and Addiction......Page 655 Key Terms......Page 659 Discussion Questions......Page 660 References......Page 661 Chapter 13 Injury Etiology, Epidemiology, and Control......Page 668 Introduction......Page 671 Mechanisms of Injury......Page 676 Epidemiology of Injury......Page 678 Pathophysiology of Injury......Page 689 Perception of Risk......Page 694 Injury Control......Page 699 Case Report......Page 704 Key Terms......Page 706 Discussion Questions......Page 707 References......Page 709 Chapter 14 The Natural History of Infectious Diseases......Page 711 Introduction......Page 714 Natural History of Infectious Diseases......Page 716 Population Dynamics......Page 727 Disease Transmission: Modes of Transmission and Control......Page 734 Survival Strategies: r- and K-Strategist Populations......Page 741 Breakpoint Transmission......Page 745 Drug Resistance......Page 748 Eradication versus Control: Smallpox Eradication......Page 752 Key Terms......Page 757 Discussion Questions......Page 758 References......Page 760 Chapter 15 Malaria......Page 764 Introduction......Page 767 Epidemiology of Malaria......Page 773 Malaria Life Cycle and Vectors......Page 776 Clinical Malaria......Page 784 Malaria Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccines......Page 793 Malaria Interventions and Control......Page 804 Challenges to Effective Malaria Control......Page 810 Key Terms......Page 813 Discussion Questions......Page 815 References......Page 817 Chapter 16 Tuberculosis......Page 821 Introduction......Page 824 Transmission and Natural History of Tuberculosis......Page 830 Diagnosis of Tuberculosis......Page 835 Treatment of Tuberculosis......Page 838 Tuberculosis Drug Resistance......Page 845 HIV–TB Interface and Comorbidities......Page 849 Interventions and Control of Tuberculosis......Page 854 Case Report......Page 857 Key Terms......Page 859 Discussion Questions......Page 860 References......Page 862 Chapter 17 HIV/AIDS......Page 866 Introduction......Page 869 Global Statistics on HIV/AIDS......Page 871 The Epidemiology and Impacts of HIV/AIDS......Page 874 The Pathobiology of HIV Infection......Page 879 Immunity and HIV......Page 884 The Natural History of HIV Infection......Page 890 Transmission of HIV......Page 895 Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV Infection......Page 902 Prevention and Control of HIV......Page 907 The Global Architecture for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control......Page 917 Conclusion......Page 922 Key Terms......Page 924 Discussion Questions......Page 925 References......Page 928 Glossary......Page 935 Index......Page 993