Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology: A Clinical Approach 6th Edition

Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology: A Clinical Approach, 6th Edition uses a patient-centered approach to help dental professionals build a strong foundation in oral biology and basic science. It provides clear explanations of the anatomy of oral and facial tissues — and of normal and abnormal orofacial development — so that you can provide effective oral health care for all patients. In addition to the stages of tooth development, it covers eruption and shedding of teeth, plus the parts of teeth — including enamel, dentin, dental pulp, and cementum. Written by Daniel J. Chiego, Jr., a noted dental educator and researcher, this book gives you the knowledge you need to succeed in the classroom and in clinical practice. Cutting-edge content provides essential knowledge of the basics of oral biology with a focus on practical clinical application. Clinical Comment, Consider the Patient, Quandaries in Science, and Case Study boxes apply scientific content to everyday dental practice and explore the boundaries of scientific research. Self-evaluation questions and practice quizzes help you prepare for classroom and national board exams. NEW! Coverage of COVID-19 includes how the virus affects the oral cavity. Updated full-color illustrations, micrographs, and histographs add to the already robust art program that supplements content by depicting various stages within the development of oral structures. Front Cover Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology Copyright Page Preface Acknowledgments Contents 1 Development and Structure of Cells and Tissues OVERVIEW CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Cell Nucleus Cell Cytoplasm Cytoskeletal Elements CELL DIVISION Cell Cycle Mitosis Meiosis Apoptosis ORIGIN OF HUMAN TISSUE Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interaction Induction Cell Differentiation Periods of Prenatal Development Ovarian Cycle, Fertilization, Implantation, and Development of the Embryonic Disk DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN TISSUES Epithelial Tissue Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord Cranial Nerves Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Proper Blood and Lymphatic Tissues Cartilage and Bone Muscle Cardiovascular System Developmental Abnormalities SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 2 Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs OVERVIEW CELLS AND TISSUES Epithelial Tissue Neural Tissue CONNECTIVE TISSUE Cartilage Bone Blood Lymphocytes Muscle Tissue Organs and Organ Systems Integumentary or Skin System Neural System Skeletal System Digestive System Respiratory System Vascular System Lymphatic System Muscular System Endocrine System Urinary System Reproductive System Special Senses SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 3 Development of the Oral Facial Region OVERVIEW DEVELOPMENT OF THE OROPHARYNX DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHARYNGEAL (BRANCHIAL) ARCHES Pharyngeal Grooves and Pharyngeal Pouches Vascular Development Muscular and Neural Development Cartilaginous Skeletal Development DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SKELETON Cartilages of the Face Bones of the Face Sutures of the Face SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 4 Development of the Face and Palate OVERVIEW FACIAL DEVELOPMENT: WEEKS 4 TO 7 Tissue Organization Fourth Week Fifth Week Sixth Week Seventh Week PALATAL DEVELOPMENT: WEEKS 7 TO 9 Medial and Lateral Palatal Processes Palatal Shelf Elevation and Closure Tongue Development Body and Base Thyroid Gland MALFORMATIONS Facial Clefts Palatal Clefts Other Defects SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 5 Development of Teeth OVERVIEW INITIATION OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE DENTAL PAPILLA DENTINOGENESIS AMELOGENESIS CROWN MATURATION DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOTH ROOT Root Sheath Single Root Multiple Roots DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY AND PERMANENT TEETH DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPORTING STRUCTURES Periodontal Ligament Alveolar Process SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SUGGESTED READING 6 Eruption and Shedding of the Teeth OVERVIEW PREERUPTIVE PHASE PREFUNCTIONAL ERUPTIVE PHASE Changes in Tissues Overlying the Teeth Surrounding the Teeth Underlying the Teeth FUNCTIONAL ERUPTIVE PHASE POSSIBLE CAUSES OF TOOTH ERUPTION SEQUENCE AND CHRONOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTION SHEDDING OF PRIMARY TEETH COMPARISONS OF THE PRIMARY AND PERMANENT DENTITIONS Tooth Number and Size Roots Tooth Structure Pulp Shape and Size Arch Shape Root Resorption and Pulp Degeneration SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SUGGESTED READING 7 Enamel OVERVIEW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ROD STRUCTURE INCREMENTAL LINES ENAMEL LAMELLAE ENAMEL TUFTS ENAMEL SPINDLES SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS PERMEABILITY ETCHING SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 8 Dentin OVERVIEW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DENTIN CLASSIFICATION Primary Dentin Secondary Dentin Tertiary Dentin: Reactionary/Response and Reparative PREDENTIN TUBULAR AND INTERTUBULAR RELATIONS Primary and Secondary Tubules Intratubular or Peritubular Dentin and Sclerotic Dentin Intertubular Dentin INCREMENTAL LINES GRANULAR LAYER ODONTOBLASTIC CELL PROCESSES DENTINOENAMEL JUNCTION PERMEABILITY REPAIR PROCESS SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 9 Dental Pulp OVERVIEW ANATOMY OF THE PULP Coronal Pulp Radicular Pulp Apical Foramina and Accessory Canals HISTOLOGY OF PULP Odontoblasts Fibroblasts Other Pulpal Cells Fibers and Ground Substance Pulpal Stem Cells Vascularity Nerves Nerve Endings PAIN AND THE PULP–DENTIN COMPLEX FUNCTIONS OF THE PULP REGRESSIVE CHANGES Fibrous Changes Pulp Stones Diffuse Calcifications PULPAL WOUND HEALING SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 10 Cementum OVERVIEW ROLE OF CEMENTUM ON THE ROOT SURFACE DEVELOPMENT OF CEMENTUM INTERMEDIATE CEMENTUM CELLULAR AND ACELLULAR CEMENTUM PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AGING OF CEMENTUM CEMENTICLES CEMENTAL REPAIR: FUNCTIONAL AND ANATOMIC SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 11 Periodontium: Periodontal Ligament OVERVIEW ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT Gingival Fiber Group Dentoalveolar Fiber Group Interstitial Spaces Vascular System Neural System CELLS OF PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT Fibroblasts, Osteoblasts, and Cementoblasts Macrophages and Osteoclasts Epithelial Rests Intercellular Tissue FUNCTIONS OF the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT Supportive Sensory Nutritive Maintenance AGING OF LIGAMENT SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 12 Periodontium: Alveolar Process and Cementum OVERVIEW ALVEOLAR PROCESS Alveolar Bone Proper Supporting Compact Bone Supporting Cancellous Bone CEMENTAL SUPPORT TOOTH MOVEMENT Physiologic Movement Orthodontic Movement AGING OF ALVEOLAR BONE AND CEMENTUM EDENTULOUS JAWS SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 13 Temporomandibular Joint OVERVIEW STRUCTURE Mandibular Condyle Temporomandibular Fossa Upper and Lower Compartments Articular Disk Capsule and Ligaments Vascular Supply Innervation Muscles of Mastication REMODELING OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT ARTICULATION SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 14 Oral Mucosa OVERVIEW STRUCTURE OF ORAL MUCOSA Lining Mucosa Lips Soft Palate Cheeks Ventral Surface of the Tongue Floor of the Mouth Masticatory Mucosa Gingiva and Epithelial Attachment Free and Attached Gingiva Junctional Epithelium Interdental Papilla and Col Hard Palate Specialized Mucosa Types of Papillae Taste Buds Umami Taste Modality NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS EPITHELIAL NONKERATINOCYTES Langerhans Cells Merkel Cells Melanocytes Lymphocytes and Leukocytes CHANGES WITH AGING SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 15 Salivary Glands and Tonsils OVERVIEW CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GLANDS MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS SALIVA Composition Functions Duct Systems Innervation of the Salivary Glands MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS CLASSIFICATION OF TONSILLAR TISSUE Palatine Tonsils Lingual Tonsils Pharyngeal Tonsil FUNCTION OF TONSILS SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING 16 Biofilms OVERVIEW ORAL BIOFILMS CUTICLE ACQUIRED PELLICLE PLAQUE CALCULUS HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS PAPILLOMAVIRUSES 16 AND 18 SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2 HIV ENTEROVIRUS COXSACKIEVIRUS ECHOVIRUS ENTEROVIRUS SUMMARY SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING Glossary Index