Essentials of Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care: A Volume in Essentials of Anesthesia and Critical Care

The information you really need! This title in the Essentials of Anesthesia and Critical Care series presents core clinical neuroanesthesia and neurointesive care knowledge in a practical, user-friendly format. A manageable size and affordable price makes this an ideal purchase for every clinician who would like an economical yet dependable resource in this specialty.Provides the key neuroanesthesia and neurointensive care information you need from authorities you trust.Uses a concise, user-friendly format to help you locate answers quickly.Features key points boxes in each chapter to help you quickly access the most crucial information.Includes annotated references that guide you to the most relevant additional resources.Features a compact size and clinical emphasis that facilitates and enhances bedside patient care.Contains the authoritative guidance of larger reference books without the expense. sdarticle......Page 1 sdarticle_001......Page 2 Contributors......Page 3 Preface......Page 9 Spinal Cord......Page 10 Cerebrum and Neocortices......Page 13 Diencephalon......Page 15 Brainstem......Page 16 Basal Ganglia......Page 18 SELECTED READINGS......Page 19 Arterial Blood Supply......Page 20 Venous Drainage......Page 23 FURTHER READING......Page 24 Flow-Metabolism Coupling......Page 25 Autoregulation......Page 26 Arterial Oxygen Tension and Content......Page 27 Inhalational Agents......Page 28 FURTHER READING......Page 29 Pressure-Volume Relationship......Page 30 Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Causes of Raised Intracranial Pressure......Page 32 Radiologic Signs of Intracranial Hypertension......Page 33 Key Points......Page 34 Further readIng......Page 35 Glucose......Page 36 Lactate......Page 37 Flow-Metabolism Coupling......Page 38 Further reading......Page 39 Cerebral Blood Flow and Ischemia......Page 40 Excitotoxicity......Page 42 Nitric Oxide......Page 43 Inflammation......Page 44 Key Points......Page 45 Further reading......Page 46 Barbiturates......Page 47 Etomidate......Page 48 Cerebral Perfusion Pressure......Page 49 Arterial Carbon Dioxide Tension......Page 50 Key Points......Page 51 Further reading......Page 52 Intravenous Anesthetic Agents......Page 53 Thiopental......Page 54 Benzodiazepines......Page 55 Key Points......Page 56 Further reading......Page 57 Common Effects of Inhaled Anesthetic Agents......Page 58 Desflurane......Page 59 Further reading......Page 60 Cardiovascular Effects......Page 61 Other Effects......Page 62 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents......Page 63 Calcium Channel Blockers......Page 64 Further reading......Page 65 Anticonvulsants......Page 66 Chronic Anticonvulsant Administration......Page 67 Summary......Page 68 Further reading......Page 69 Why is the Patient Having This Procedure Now?......Page 70 History......Page 71 Examination......Page 72 Additional Information......Page 73 Premedication before Neurosurgical Procedures......Page 74 Further reading......Page 75 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences......Page 76 Intracranial Appearances in Trauma......Page 77 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 81 Intracranial Tumors......Page 83 Further reading......Page 85 General Principles......Page 86 Unilateral Frontotemporal Approaches......Page 87 Bifrontal and Extended Bifrontal Approaches......Page 89 Interhemispheric Approach......Page 90 Transsphenoidal Approach......Page 91 Petrosal Approach (Retrolabyrinthine–Middle Fossa Approach)......Page 92 Midline Suboccipital Approach......Page 93 Retrosigmoid Suboccipital Approach......Page 94 Far Lateral Suboccipital Approach......Page 95 Further reading......Page 96 General Principles......Page 97 Semilateral Position or Supine Position with a Bolster (Petrosal, Retrosigmoid, and Unilateral Frontotemporal Approaches)......Page 98 Sitting Position (Supracerebellar Infratentorial Approach)......Page 99 Lateral Position (Posterior Parietal or Occipital Craniotomy)......Page 100 Key Points......Page 101 Further reading......Page 103 The Lesions......Page 105 Intraoperative Management......Page 106 Maintenance of Anesthesia......Page 107 Postoperative Management......Page 108 Further reading......Page 109 Pathophysiology of Cerebral Aneurysms......Page 110 Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms......Page 111 Monitoring......Page 113 Management of Intraoperative Aneurysm Rupture......Page 114 Arteriovenous Malformations......Page 115 Key Points......Page 116 Further reading......Page 117 Pathology......Page 118 Monitoring......Page 119 Emergence......Page 120 Monitoring......Page 121 Treatment......Page 122 Further reading......Page 123 Pathophysiology......Page 124 Preoperative Assessment......Page 125 Intraoperative Management......Page 126 Anesthetic Technique......Page 127 Key Points......Page 128 Further reading......Page 129 Background......Page 130 Intraoperative Anesthesia Management......Page 131 Airway Control......Page 132 Postoperative Care......Page 133 Further reading......Page 134 Fixed–Head Frame Stereotactic Neurosurgery......Page 135 Procedures Performed with Stereotactic Neurosurgery......Page 136 Anesthetic Considerations......Page 137 New Directions......Page 138 Further reading......Page 139 Physiology......Page 140 Preoperative Diagnosis and Management......Page 142 acromegaly......Page 143 Surgical Approach......Page 145 Monitoring......Page 146 Hormonal Complications......Page 147 Further reading......Page 148 Pathophysiology......Page 149 Morphology of Injury......Page 150 History......Page 151 Intraoperative Management......Page 152 Postoperative Management......Page 153 Preoperative Assessment......Page 154 Maintenance of Anesthesia......Page 155 Spinal Cord Monitoring......Page 156 Postoperative Management......Page 157 Further reading......Page 158 The Occipito-Atlanto-Axial Complex and Airway Management......Page 159 The “Unstable” Spine and Airway Management......Page 161 ”Clearing” the Cervical Spine in Suspected Injury......Page 162 Flexible Fiberoptic Intubation—Current Technique......Page 163 Practical Points......Page 164 Surgical Technique, Cross-Clamping, and Monitoring of Cerebral Perfusion......Page 166 General Anesthesia......Page 167 Regional Anesthesia......Page 168 Postoperative Considerations......Page 169 Key points......Page 170 Further reading......Page 171 Preanesthetic Considerations......Page 172 General Anesthesia......Page 173 Deliberate Hypertension......Page 174 Intracranial Aneurysm......Page 175 Brain Arteriovenous Malformations'......Page 176 Further reading......Page 177 Gamma Camera Imaging, Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography, and Positron Emission Tomography......Page 178 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy......Page 179 SAFETY CONCERNS WITHIN THE IMAGING ENVIRONMENT......Page 180 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy......Page 181 Key points......Page 182 Further reading......Page 183 Neurologic Assessment......Page 184 Intravenous Fluids......Page 185 Specific Procedures......Page 186 Anesthesia for Single-Suture Synostosis......Page 187 Anesthesia for Complex Synostosis......Page 188 Intraoperative course......Page 189 Further reading......Page 190 Patterns of Injury......Page 191 Cerebral Metabolic Rate, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Cerebral Autoregulation......Page 192 Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord Injury......Page 193 Cervical Spine Immobilization......Page 195 Anesthetic Technique......Page 196 Monitoring......Page 197 Indications for Surgery......Page 198 Further reading......Page 199 Monitoring......Page 201 Laboratory Parameters......Page 202 Cardiovascular......Page 203 Analgesia for Spine Surgery Patients......Page 204 Other......Page 205 Further reading......Page 206 Nervous System......Page 208 Assessment of Spinal Cord Injury......Page 209 Airway and Respiratory Support......Page 210 Autonomic Dysreflexia......Page 211 Anesthesia......Page 212 Further reading......Page 213 Airway and Breathing......Page 214 Circulation and Fluid Resuscitation......Page 215 Transfer of Head-Injured PatIents......Page 216 Further reading......Page 218 Monitoring In Acute Neurotrauma......Page 219 Other Monitoring Methods......Page 220 Nutrition......Page 221 Neuromuscular Blockade......Page 222 Head Injury Management Protocols......Page 223 Further reading......Page 225 Initial Management......Page 226 Cardiac Arrhythmias......Page 227 Sedation......Page 228 Detection and Treatment of Vasospasm......Page 229 Definitive Treatment......Page 230 Futher reading......Page 232 Monitoring Fluid Status......Page 234 Fluid Administration In Neurologically Injured Patients......Page 235 Key points......Page 236 Further reading......Page 237 Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion......Page 238 Management......Page 239 Central Diabetes Insipidus......Page 240 Hyperkalemia......Page 241 Hypomagnesemia......Page 242 further reading......Page 243 Epidemiology......Page 244 Diagnosis......Page 245 Second-Line Treatment......Page 246 Refractory Status Epilepticus......Page 248 Further reading......Page 249 Brainstem Death Versus Whole-Brain Death......Page 250 Clinical Examination of the Brainstem......Page 251 Pathophysiology Of Brain Death And Management Of Organ Donors......Page 252 Further reading......Page 253 Intraventricular Drains......Page 254 Typical Events And Trends Seen In Intracranial Monitoring......Page 255 Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure......Page 256 Pulse Waveform Analysis Of Intracranial Pressure......Page 257 Noninvasive Intracranial Pressure Measurement......Page 259 Intracranial Pressure And Outcome After Severe Head Injury......Page 260 Further readIng......Page 261 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT......Page 262 FACTORS AFFECTING JUGULAR VENOUS OXIMETRY......Page 263 Further reading......Page 264 Equipment......Page 265 Clinical Applications......Page 266 Normal Values......Page 267 Principles......Page 268 Clinical Applications......Page 269 Disadvantages......Page 270 Further Reading......Page 271 PRINCIPLES......Page 272 RECOVERY......Page 273 Glycerol......Page 274 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICRODIALYSIS......Page 275 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS OF MICRODIALYSIS......Page 276 Further reading......Page 277 Electromyography......Page 278 Visual Evoked Potentials......Page 279 Typical Procedures......Page 280 Typical Procedures......Page 281 Motor Evoked Potentials......Page 282 Key points......Page 283 Further reading......Page 284 BASIC FEATURES OF THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM......Page 285 INTRAOPERATIVE USE OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC MONITORING......Page 286 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY-BASED MONITORING FOR DRUG TITRATION OF ANESTHETIC DEPTH AND ­AVOIDANCE OF AWARENESS......Page 287 BISPECTRAL ANALYSIS......Page 288 AWARENESS......Page 289 Further reading......Page 290 Transcranial Doppler ­Ultrasonography and Other ­Measures of Cerebral Blood Flow......Page 291 Transcranial Doppler Measurements and Derived Values......Page 292 Closed Head Injury......Page 293 Xenon 133 Washout Technique......Page 294 Further reading......Page 295 Neurologic Findings......Page 296 Management......Page 297 Specific Therapy......Page 298 Clinical Features......Page 299 Treatment......Page 300 Preoperative Care......Page 301 Postoperative Management......Page 302 Further reading......Page 303 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 304 Hyperventilation......Page 305 Hypothermia......Page 306 Further reading......Page 307 Pubmed......Page 308 Privacy and Security......Page 309 Conclusions......Page 311 Problem List......Page 313 Management......Page 314 Controlling the Airway......Page 315 Case Summary......Page 316 Anesthetic Management for Angiography......Page 317 Problem List......Page 318 Secondary Injury......Page 319 A......Page 320 C......Page 322 D......Page 324 F......Page 325 H......Page 326 I......Page 327 M......Page 328 N......Page 329 O......Page 330 P......Page 331 S......Page 332 T......Page 334 X......Page 335 This title in the Essentials of Anesthesia and Critical Care series presents core clinical neuroanesthesia and neurointesive care knowledge in a practical, user-friendly format. Provides the key neuroanesthesia and neurointensive care information you need from authorities you trust. Uses a concise, user-friendly format to help you locate answers quickly. Features key points boxes in each chapter to help you quickly access the most crucial information. Includes annotated references that guide you to the most relevant additional resources. Features a compact size and clinical emphasis that facilitates and enhances bedside patient care.