Essentials of inorganic chemistry : for students of pharmacy, pharmaceutical sciences and medicinal chemistry

A comprehensive introduction to inorganic chemistry and, specifically, the science of metal-based drugs, Essentials of Inorganic Chemistry describes the basics of inorganic chemistry, including organometallic chemistry and radiochemistry, from a pharmaceutical perspective. Written for students of pharmacy and pharmacology, pharmaceutical sciences, medicinal chemistry and other health-care related subjects, this accessible text introduces chemical principles with relevant pharmaceutical examples rather than as stand-alone concepts, allowing students to see the relevance of this subject for their future professions. It includes exercises and case studies. Cover 1 Title Page 5 Copyright 6 Contents 9 Preface 15 About the Companion Website 17 Chapter 1 Introduction 20 1.1 Medicinal inorganic chemistry 20 1.1.1 Why use metal-based drugs? 21 1.2 Basic inorganic principles 22 1.2.1 Electronic structures of atoms 22 1.2.2 Bonds 28 1.3 Exercises 36 References 37 Further Reading 37 Chapter 2 Alkali Metals 38 2.1 Alkali metal ions 38 2.1.1 Extraction of alkali metals: an introduction to redox chemistry 39 2.1.2 Excursus: reduction–oxidation reactions 40 2.1.3 Chemical behaviour of alkali metals 46 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages using lithium-based drugs 48 2.2.1 Isotopes of lithium and their medicinal application 48 2.2.2 Historical developments in lithium-based drugs 48 2.2.3 The biology of lithium and its medicinal application 49 2.2.4 Excursus: diagonal relationship and periodicity 50 2.2.5 What are the pharmacological targets of lithium? 52 2.2.6 Adverse effects and toxicity 53 2.3 Sodium: an essential ion in the human body 53 2.3.1 Osmosis 54 2.3.2 Active transport of sodium ions 56 2.3.3 Drugs, diet and toxicity 57 2.4 Potassium and its clinical application 59 2.4.1 Biological importance of potassium ions in the human body – action potential 59 2.4.2 Excursus: the Nernst equation 59 2.4.3 Potassium salts and their clinical application: hypokalaemia 61 2.4.4 Adverse effects and toxicity: hyperkalaemia 62 2.5 Exercises 64 2.6 Case studies 66 2.6.1 Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) tablets 66 2.6.2 Sodium chloride eye drops 66 References 67 Further Reading 67 Chapter 3 Alkaline Earth Metals 68 3.1 Earth alkaline metal ions 68 3.1.1 Major uses and extraction 69 3.1.2 Chemical properties 70 3.2 Beryllium and chronic beryllium disease 71 3.3 Magnesium: competition to lithium? 72 3.3.1 Biological importance 72 3.3.2 Clinical applications and preparations 73 3.4 Calcium: the key to many human functions 74 3.4.1 Biological importance 75 3.4.2 How does dietary calcium intake influence our lives? 76 3.4.3 Calcium deficiency: osteoporosis, hypertension and weight management 76 3.4.4 Renal osteodystrophy 77 3.4.5 Kidney stones 78 3.4.6 Clinical application 78 3.4.7 Side effects 80 3.5 Barium: rat poison or radio-contrast agent? 80 3.6 Exercises 82 3.7 Case studies 84 3.7.1 Magnesium hydroxide suspension 84 3.7.2 Calcium carbonate tablets 84 References 85 Further Reading 85 Chapter 4 The Boron Group – Group 13 86 4.1 General chemistry of group 13 elements 86 4.1.1 Extraction 87 4.1.2 Chemical properties 88 4.2 Boron 89 4.2.1 Introduction 89 4.2.2 Pharmaceutical applications of boric acid 90 4.2.3 Bortezomib 90 4.3 Aluminium 90 4.3.1 Introduction 90 4.3.2 Biological importance 91 4.3.3 Al3+ and its use in water purification 92 4.3.4 Aluminium-based adjuvants 92 4.3.5 Antacids 93 4.3.6 Aluminium-based therapeutics – alginate raft formulations 94 4.3.7 Phosphate binders 95 4.3.8 Antiperspirant 95 4.3.9 Potential aluminium toxicity 96 4.4 Gallium 96 4.4.1 Introduction 96 4.4.2 Chemistry 96 4.4.3 Pharmacology of gallium-based drugs 97 4.4.4 Gallium nitrate – multivalent use 97 4.4.5 Gallium 8-quinolinolate 98 4.4.6 Gallium maltolate 98 4.4.7 Toxicity and administration 99 4.5 Exercises 100 4.6 Case studies 102 4.6.1 Boric acid – API analysis 102 4.6.2 Aluminium hydroxide tablets 102 References 103 Further Reading 103 Chapter 5 The Carbon Group 104 5.1 General chemistry of group 14 elements 104 5.1.1 Occurrence, extraction and use of group 14 elements 104 5.1.2 Oxidation states and ionisation energies 106 5.1.3 Typical compounds of group 14 elements 106 5.2 Silicon-based drugs versus carbon-based analogues 108 5.2.1 Introduction of silicon groups 109 5.2.2 Silicon isosters 110 5.2.3 Organosilicon drugs 112 5.3 Organogermanium compounds: balancing act between an anticancer drug and a herbal\hb supplement 113 5.3.1 Germanium sesquioxide 114 5.3.2 Spirogermanium 116 5.4 Exercises 118 5.5 Cases studies 120 5.5.1 Simethicone 120 5.5.2 Germanium supplements 120 References 121 Further Reading 121 Chapter 6 Group 15 Elements 122 6.1 Chemistry of group 15 elements 122 6.1.1 Occurrence and extraction 122 6.1.2 Physical properties 123 6.1.3 Oxidation states and ionisation energy 124 6.1.4 Chemical properties 125 6.2 Phosphorus 125 6.2.1 Adenosine phosphates: ATP, ADP and AMP 126 6.2.2 Phosphate in DNA 126 6.2.3 Clinical use of phosphate 127 6.2.4 Drug interactions and toxicity 131 6.3 Arsenic 131 6.3.1 Salvarsan: the magic bullet – the start of chemotherapy 132 6.3.2 Arsenic trioxide: a modern anticancer drug? 135 6.4 Exercises 138 6.5 Case studies 140 6.5.1 Phosphate solution for rectal use 140 6.5.2 Forensic test for arsenic 140 References 141 Further Reading 141 Chapter 7 Transition Metals and d-Block Metal Chemistry 142 7.1 What are d-block metals? 142 7.1.1 Electronic configurations 142 7.1.2 Characteristic properties 143 7.1.3 Coordination numbers and geometries 144 7.1.4 Crystal field theory 148 7.2 Group 10: platinum anticancer agents 151 7.2.1 Cisplatin 153 7.2.2 Platinum anticancer agents 159 7.3 Iron and ruthenium 166 7.3.1 Iron 167 7.3.2 Ruthenium 174 7.4 The coinage metals 178 7.4.1 General chemistry 178 7.4.2 Copper-containing drugs 179 7.4.3 Silver: the future of antimicrobial agents? 182 7.4.4 Gold: the fight against rheumatoid arthritis 184 7.5 Group 12 elements: zinc and its role in biological systems 187 7.5.1 General chemistry 188 7.5.2 The role of zinc in biological systems 189 7.5.3 Zinc: clinical applications and toxicity 192 7.6 Exercises 196 7.7 Case studies 198 7.7.1 Silver nitrate solution 198 7.7.2 Ferrous sulfate tablets 198 7.7.3 Zinc sulfate eye drops 199 References 200 Further Reading 200 Chapter 8 Organometallic Chemistry 202 8.1 What is organometallic chemistry? 202 8.2 What are metallocenes? 204 8.3 Ferrocene 206 8.3.1 Ferrocene and its derivatives as biosensors 207 8.3.2 Ferrocene derivatives as potential antimalarial agent 208 8.3.3 Ferrocifen – a new promising agent against breast cancer? 210 8.4 Titanocenes 213 8.4.1 History of titanium-based anticancer agents: titanocene dichloride and budotitane 214 8.4.2 Further developments of titanocenes as potential anticancer agents 216 8.5 Vanadocenes 219 8.5.1 Vanadocene dichloride as anticancer agents 221 8.5.2 Further vanadium-based drugs: insulin mimetics 222 8.6 Exercises 226 8.7 Case study – titanium dioxide 228 References 229 Further Reading 229 Chapter 9 The Clinical Use of Lanthanoids 230 9.1 Biology and toxicology of lanthanoids 230 9.2 The clinical use of lanthanum carbonate 232 9.3 The clinical application of cerium salts 233 9.4 The use of gadolinium salts as MRI contrast agents 234 9.5 Exercises 238 9.6 Case study: lanthanum carbonate tablets 240 References 241 Further Reading 241 Chapter 10 Radioactive Compounds and Their Clinical Application 242 10.1 What is radioactivity? 242 10.1.1 The atomic structure 242 10.1.2 Radioactive processes 243 10.1.3 Radioactive decay 243 10.1.4 Penetration potential 246 10.1.5 Quantification of radioactivity 246 10.2 Radiopharmacy: dispensing and protection 251 10.3 Therapeutic use of radiopharmaceuticals 252 10.3.1 131Iodine: therapy for hyperthyroidism 252 10.3.2 89Strontium 253 10.3.3 Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) 254 10.4 Radiopharmaceuticals for imaging 254 10.4.1 99mTechnetium 256 10.4.2 18Fluoride: PET scan 259 10.4.3 67Gallium: PET 260 10.4.4 201Thallium 261 10.5 Exercises 264 10.6 Case studies 266 10.6.1 A sample containing 99mTc was found to have a radioactivity of 15,mCi at 8 a.m. when the sample was tested. 266 10.6.2 A typical intravenous dose of 99mTc-albumin used for lung imaging contains a radioactivity of 4,mCi 266 10.6.3 Develop a quick-reference radioactive decay chart for 131I 266 References 267 Further Reading 267 Chapter 11 Chelation Therapy 268 11.1 What is heavy-metal poisoning? 268 11.2 What is chelation? 269 11.3 Chelation therapy 271 11.3.1 Calcium disodium edetate 271 11.3.2 Dimercaprol (BAL) 272 11.3.3 Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 273 11.3.4 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS) 273 11.3.5 Lipoic acid (ALA) 273 11.4 Exercises 276 11.5 Case studies 278 11.5.1 Disodium edetate 278 11.5.2 Dimercaprol 278 References 280 Further Reading 280 Index 282 EULA 290