Essentials of chemical biology : structures and dynamics of biological macromolecules in vitro and in vivo

Essentials of Chemical Biology Discover a detailed knowledge of concepts and techniques that shape this unique multi-discipline Chemical Biology is devoted to understanding the way that Biology works at the molecular level. This is a problem-driven multi-discipline, incorporating as it does Organic, Physical, Inorganic, and Analytical Chemistry alongside newer emerging molecular disciplines. In recent years, Chemical Biology has emerged as a vibrant and growing multi-discipline distinct from Biochemistry that is focused on the quantitative analyses of the structures and functions of biological macromolecules and macromolecular lipid assemblies, at first in isolation, then in vitro and in vivo . The second edition of the Essentials of Chemical Biology begins with a thorough introduction to the structure of biological macromolecules and macromolecular lipid assemblies, before moving on to the principles of chemical and biological synthesis, followed by descriptions of a comprehensive variety of research techniques and experimental methods. In addition, the second edition now includes new sections on the behaviour of biological macromolecules and macromolecular lipid assemblies in cells in vitro and in organisms in vivo . Given this, the second edition of the Essentials of Chemical Biology promises to cement itself as the leading introduction to Chemical Biology, incorporating descriptions of cutting-edge research wherever appropriate. Hence, readers of the second edition of the Essentials of Chemical Biology will find: a general expansion in understanding of basic molecular mechanisms in Biology moving towards cellular and organismal mechanisms entirely new chapters covering miniaturization and array technologies, Chemical Cell Biology, and the interface between Chemical Biology and Nanotechnology updates to chapters reflecting recent research developments an increased engagement with medical applications Essentials of Chemical Biology is ideal for advanced undergraduates or (post) graduate students in Chemical Biology and adjacent fields. Cover Half Title Essentials of Chemical Biology: Structures and Dynamics of Biological Macromolecules In Vitro and In Vivo Copyright Dedication Contents Preface Glossary of Physical and Chemical Terms About the Companion Website 1. The Structures of Biological Macromolecules and Lipid Assemblies 1.1 General introduction 1.2 Protein structures 1.3 Carbohydrate structures 1.4 Nucleic acid structures 1.5 Macromolecular lipid assemblies 1.6 Structural forces in biological macromolecules 2. Chemical and Biological Synthesis 2.1 Introduction to synthesis in chemical biology 2.2 Chemical synthesis of peptides and proteins 2.3 Chemical synthesis of nucleic acids 2.4 Chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides 2.5 Chemical synthesis of lipids 2.6 Biological synthesis of biological macromolecules 2.7 Directed biological synthesis of proteins 2.8 Biological syntheses of nucleic acids, oligosaccharides and lipids 3. Molecular Biology as a Toolset for Chemical Biology 3.1 Key concepts in molecular biology 3.2 Tools and techniques in molecular biology 3.3 Cloning and identification of genes in DNA 3.4 Integrating cloning and expression 3.5 Site-directed mutagenesis 4. Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy 4.1 Electronic and vibrational spectroscopy in chemical biology 4.2 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy 4.3 Circular dichroism spectroscopy 4.4 Vibrational spectroscopy 4.5 Fluorescence spectroscopy 4.6 Probing metal centres by absorption spectroscopy 5. Magnetic Resonance 5.1 Magnetic resonance in chemical biology 5.2 Key principles of NMR 5.3 Two-dimensional NMR 5.4 Multidimensional NMR 5.5 Biological macromolecule structural information 5.6 Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy: key principles 6. Diffraction and Microscopy 6.1 Diffraction and microscopy in chemical biology 6.2 Key principles of X-ray diffraction 6.3 Structural information from X-ray diffraction 6.4 Neutron diffraction 6.5 Key principles of electron microscopy 6.6 Key principles of scanning probe microscopy 7. Molecular Recognition and Binding 7.1 Molecular recognition and binding in chemical biology 7.2 Theoretical models of binding 7.3 Analysing molecular recognition and binding 7.4 Biological molecular recognition studies 8. Kinetics and Catalysis 8.1 Catalysis in chemical biology 8.2 Steady state kinetic schemes 8.3 Pre-steady-state kinetics 8.4 Theories of biocatalysis 8.5 Electron transfer 9. Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics 9.1 Mass spectrometry in chemical biology 9.2 Key principles in mass spectrometry 9.3 Structural analysis of biological macromolecules and lipids by mass spectrometry 9.4 The challenge of proteomics 9.5 Genomics: assigning function to genes and proteins 10. Molecular Selection and Evolution 10.1 Chemical biology and the origins of life 10.2 Molecular breeding: natural selection acting on self-organisation 10.3 Directed evolution of protein function 10.4 Directed evolution of nucleic acids 10.5 Catalytic antibodies 11. Chemical Biology of Cells 11.1 General introduction 11.2 Array technologies, microfluidics and miniaturisation 11.3 Chemical genetics and potential new therapeutics 11.4 Chemical cellular dynamics 11.5 Chemical biology and in vivo cell connectomics 12. Chemical Biology of Stem Cells to Tissue Engineering 12.1 General introduction 12.2 Chemical stem cell biology 12.3 The road to cell therapies 12.4 Tissue engineering 13. Chemical Biology, Nanomedicine and Advanced Therapeutics 13.1 General introduction 13.2 The chemical biology approach to gene therapy 13.3 Biophysical characterisation of LNPs 13.4 Applications of LNPs with small molecule drugs 14. Chemical Biology and Advanced Diagnostics Leading to Precision Therapeutic Approaches 14.1 General introduction 14.2 MRI basic principles leading to diagnostic applications 14.3 PET/CT and SPECT fundamentals 14.4 Understanding how to control nanoparticle biodistribution behaviour in vivo 14.5 Theranostics 15. DNA Nanotechnology 15.1 Background 15.2 Three-dimensional DNA nanostructures 15.3 Dynamic DNA nanostructures 15.4 Biomedical applications of DNA nanostructures Bibliography Index "Since the first edition of this Textbook, Chemical Biology has now established itself as a major branch of scientific activity devoted to understanding the way Biology works at the molecular level. Chemical Biology itself remains unashamedly multidisciplinary, and Chemical Biology research is essentially problem driven and not discipline driven. Organic, Physical, Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry all contribute towards Chemical Biology alongside newer emerging molecular disciplines. Some might say that Chemical Biology is just another way to rebadge Biochemistry. However, such a comment misses the point. Biochemistry may have started as a discipline devoted to the study of individual biological macromolecules, but this discipline has been steadily evolving into increasingly descriptive, empirical studies of larger and larger macromolecular assemblies, structures and interacting molecular networks. The molecular increasingly gives ground to the cellular. In contrast, Chemical Biology is about Chemistry trained graduates and researchers taking a fundamental interest in the way Biology works. Consequently, the focus is on the molecular and the quantitative where molecular properties are investigated, studied and then gradually linked to macromolecular and cellular behaviour where possible. This is a fundamentally bottom-up approach to understanding Biology in keeping with the chemist's natural enthusiasm and appreciation for molecular structure and behaviour first and foremost"-- Provided by publisher