Essential oils : art, agriculture, science, industry and entrepreneurship (a focus on the Asia-Pacific region)

'Essential Oils: Art. Agriculture, Science, Industry and Entrepreneurship, A Focus on the Asia-Pacific Region'takes an interdisciplinary look at the development of essential oils from the agricultural to consumer products sectors. The book espouses a product/market driven and entrepreneurial approach rather than a commodity approach, offering many new ideas and tools to assist the reader in the area of essential oil development. This book uniquely covers both the technical and business aspects in a detail that will inform readers of the complexities of essential oil development, production and business development. This book is the result of the authorâ€TMs thirty years experience in the industry. Reviews:'This book presents a comprehensive overview of the essential oil sector. Professor Hunter has put his expertise and practical experience to the disposal of researchers and entrepreneurs. While maintaining scientific integrity, the language also encourages the layman to read and understand this technical subject. This book is an absolute must for all those interested in essential oils.'-Prof. Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, Pro-Vice Chancellor (Teaching and Learning), University of Mauritius, Mauritius. Also the Loreal-UNESCO Laureate for Africa, awards for Women in Science 2007.'Professor Hunter is one of the world's top experts in the field of essential oils. He is also a top-ranked entrepreneurship professor who knows how to commercialise these products. This book will long be remembered as a watershed in commercialisation of new innovations'. -Dr. Howard H. Frederick Professor of Entrepreneurship & Education Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia'Professor Hunter has dedicated more than 2 decades of his lifetime on the development of essential oils from Australia and Asia. His fervent wish to encourage essential oil research and commercialisation in this part of the world resulted in the publication of this book which will be the future reference for enthusiasts in medicinal natural products, essential oil, flavours and fragrance'. -Dr. Zuriati Zakaria Professor of Chemistry Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia'Murray has been a prolific writer on essential oils, perfumery and cosmetics in our magazine for the last 18 years. His articles have deepened our readers'knowledge about a number of contemporary issues important to the industry with his detailed writing. This book will empower the reader to make informed decisions about the essential oil industry'. -Joy Harrison Editor The Australiasian Journal of Cosmetic Science'A'must read'book for entrepreneurs and researchers who are involved in the research and development of essential oils, flavours and fragrances'. -Dr Rasadah Mat Ali Senior Director Medicinal Plants Programme Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) ESSENTIAL OILS: ART, AGRICULTURE, SCIENCE, INDUSTRY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP (A FOCUS ON THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION)......Page 3 CONTENTS......Page 9 PREFACE......Page 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 17 INTRODUCTION......Page 19 THE SIZE OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL INDUSTRY......Page 20 DEFINITIONS OF ESSENTIAL OILS ANDOTHER NATURAL AROMATIC EXTRACTS......Page 25 PRODUCT STRATEGY CHOICES......Page 27 Global Warming, the Food and Financial Crisis......Page 29 Market Turbulence......Page 30 Wild Collection and Threatened Plant Species......Page 31 Bargaining Power of Producers......Page 37 The Regulatory Environment......Page 38 Templating of Natural Aromatic Molecules......Page 40 Research......Page 42 Sustainability......Page 43 Planning and Opportunity Assessment......Page 44 Management and Organisational Issues......Page 45 Financial Issues......Page 46 Land Issues......Page 47 Marketing Issues......Page 48 Issues of Fate and Nature......Page 49 REFERENCES......Page 55 INTRODUCTION......Page 59 THE FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE INDUSTRY......Page 60 ESSENTIAL OIL AND OTHER NATURAL PRODUCT PRODUCERS......Page 61 WILD COLLECTION FOR ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION......Page 65 Map Key......Page 66 Map Key (Continued)......Page 68 LOCAL COLLECTORS......Page 69 BY-PRODUCT PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS......Page 70 RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND UNIVERSITIES......Page 74 PRODUCERS OF ANIMAL EXTRACTS......Page 75 ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCER ASSOCIATIONS......Page 76 CHEMICAL FEED-STOCK MANUFACTURERS......Page 77 AROMA CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS......Page 80 SPECIALTY FINE/AROMA CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS......Page 81 International Trader......Page 82 FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE HOUSES......Page 83 NATIONAL REGULATORY SYSTEMS......Page 86 END PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS......Page 88 CONSUMERS AND DERIVED INDUSTRY DEMAND......Page 90 ESSENTIAL OILS IN THE COSMETIC INDUSTRY......Page 91 ESSENTIAL OILS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY......Page 92 ESSENTIALS OILS AND THE AROMATHERAPY INDUSTRY......Page 93 ESSENTIAL OILS AS INTERMEDIATES IN THE PRODUCTIONOF OTHER COMPOUNDS......Page 95 ESSENTIAL OILS IN THE ORGANIC AGRO-CHEMICAL INDUSTRY......Page 97 REFERENCES......Page 99 AUSTRALIA......Page 107 NEW ZEALAND......Page 114 PAPUA NEW GUINEA AND THE PACIFIC ISLANDS......Page 116 INDONESIA......Page 117 MALAYSIA......Page 118 THAILAND......Page 119 CAMBODIA......Page 122 VIETNAM......Page 123 REFERENCES......Page 125 INTRODUCTION......Page 129 THE PLANT METABOLISM......Page 130 Carbohydrates......Page 132 Amino Acids......Page 133 Nucleotides......Page 134 THE METABOLIC PATHWAYS......Page 136 Secondary Metabolites and Plant Defence Systems......Page 139 AROMATIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN PLANTS......Page 140 Terpene Hydrocarbons......Page 150 Myrcene......Page 151 Terpinolene......Page 152 Eugenol......Page 153 Methyl Salicylate......Page 154 Geraniol......Page 155 Menthol......Page 156 Terpinen-4-ol......Page 157 Aldehyde C8......Page 158 Aldehyde C11......Page 159 Cinnamic Aldehyde......Page 160 Benzaldehyde......Page 161 Heliotropine......Page 162 Bornyl Acetate......Page 163 Para-Cresyl acetate......Page 164 Linalyl Acetate......Page 165 Camphor......Page 166 Menthone......Page 167 Ionone......Page 168 Lactones......Page 169 Umbelliferone......Page 170 Methyl anthranilate......Page 171 4-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone......Page 172 Phenyl acetic acid......Page 173 THE ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL OILS......Page 174 Chromatography......Page 177 Other Methods of Analysis......Page 180 Multidimensional Chromatography......Page 181 Thin Layer Chromatography......Page 182 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 183 Electronic Nose (E-Nose)......Page 185 REFERENCES......Page 187 INTRODUCTION......Page 197 DISTILLATION......Page 198 The Fundamental Principals of Distillation......Page 199 The Stages of Distillation......Page 204 Steam and Pressure......Page 206 Wilting Crops Before Distillation......Page 207 Water Distillation......Page 208 Water and Steam Distillation......Page 210 The Condenser System......Page 213 The Separator System......Page 215 THE EXTRACTION OF AROMATIC MATERIALSUSING VOLATILE SOLVENTS......Page 216 CO2 AND SUPERCRITICAL CO2 FLUID EXTRACTION (SCF)......Page 219 SUPERHEATED WATER EXTRACTION......Page 221 MICROWAVE EXTRACTION (ME)......Page 222 ENFLEURAGE......Page 223 THE EXPRESSION OF CITRUS OILS......Page 224 REFERENCES......Page 227 INTRODUCTION......Page 231 EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION......Page 232 THE LEVEL OF COMMITMENT......Page 233 CHALLENGES AND FAILURE......Page 236 RISK AND UNCERTAINTY......Page 239 SOME GENERAL SUCCESS CHARACTERISTICS......Page 241 STRATEGY......Page 242 The Essential Oil development Process......Page 246 REFERENCES......Page 248 INTRODUCTION......Page 251 OPPORTUNITIES FOR ESSENTIAL OIL DEVELOPMENT......Page 252 THE SCREENING PROCESS......Page 254 Bio-Prospecting......Page 256 SCREENING FOR DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL......Page 257 Group 1:......Page 259 Group 4:......Page 260 EVALUATING THE CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF ESSENTIAL OILS......Page 263 Food Additives and Flavour Materials......Page 265 The European Chemicals Agency (EHCA)......Page 266 Biocidal Products Directive......Page 270 Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP)......Page 274 Flavours and Food Additives......Page 277 Fragrance Ingredients and Cosmetics......Page 278 FDA Globalization Act of 2008......Page 280 Fragrance Ingredients and Cosmetics......Page 281 Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ)......Page 284 The National Industrial Chemicals Assessment Scheme (NICNAS)......Page 286 The ASEAN Region......Page 287 Indonesia......Page 288 Thailand......Page 289 Vietnam......Page 291 The Philippines......Page 292 Consequences for Screening by the International Regulatory Framework......Page 294 REFERENCES......Page 295 INTRODUCTION......Page 303 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS......Page 304 1. Rivalry Among Competitors......Page 305 3. Bargaining Power over Suppliers......Page 306 4. Bargaining Power over Buyers......Page 307 5. Substitutes......Page 308 FACTORING IN THE DYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY......Page 309 COLLATING THE INFORMATION INTO A PICTURE......Page 311 DEVELOPING A BASIC STRATEGY......Page 314 ESSENTIAL OIL TRADE PRICE FLUCTUATIONS......Page 320 TOTALLY NEW ESSENTIAL OILS......Page 324 Overall Cost Leadership......Page 325 Focus......Page 326 MARKET ANALYSIS......Page 328 SUPPLY CHAIN......Page 331 SELECTION OF BASIC MARKET STRATEGIES......Page 332 PLANNING FIELD AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 333 REFERENCES......Page 342 AN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE AS A SYSTEM......Page 345 CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 348 CLIMATE AND MOISTURE......Page 351 PLANT AROMATIC MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND PATHWAYS......Page 355 SELECTION AND ACQUISITION OF GENETIC MATERIALFOR PLANTING......Page 359 Seed Collection......Page 362 Improvement of Genetic Material through Recurrent Selection......Page 364 Land Selection......Page 365 The Socio-Economic Environment......Page 367 Overall Land Topography-Ecology......Page 368 Altitude......Page 371 Soil......Page 372 Potential Crop Cycles......Page 377 Local and Governing Laws......Page 378 PROPAGATION AND PLANTING MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 380 Vegetative Propagation......Page 387 Cuttings......Page 388 Micro-propagation and Tissue Culture......Page 389 Pest and Disease Control......Page 394 Weed Control......Page 395 FIELD DEVELOPMENT – PREPARATION AND PLANTING......Page 396 Fire Breaks......Page 399 Planting......Page 400 Plant Populations and Spacings......Page 401 Determining the Optimum Cultivation Parameters through Research andDemonstration Plots......Page 402 CROP FIELD MAINTENANCE......Page 406 Fertilisers......Page 407 Weed Control......Page 410 Pest and Disease Control......Page 418 THE LEVEL OF FARM MECHANISATION......Page 424 THE SIZE OF FARM MACHINERY......Page 429 HARVESTING......Page 433 SELECTION AND DESIGN OF EXTRACTION SYSTEM......Page 437 Potential By-Products from the Distillation Process......Page 447 STORAGE FACILITIES......Page 448 GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)......Page 449 FINANCIAL MODELLING, FEASIBILITY AND EVALUATION......Page 452 REFERENCES......Page 459 INTRODUCTION......Page 471 BASIC ORGANIC FARMING CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES......Page 480 COVER CROPS AND GREEN MANURES......Page 483 ANIMAL MANURES......Page 486 INTERCROPPING......Page 487 COMPOSTING......Page 491 MULCHING......Page 495 CROP DIVERSITY......Page 497 NATURAL FERTILIZERS, MINERALS AND SUPPLEMENTS......Page 498 INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL......Page 501 Biorational Pesticides......Page 507 Insecticidal Soaps and Plant Oils......Page 508 Botanical Pesticides......Page 509 WEED CONTROL......Page 512 TILLAGE......Page 515 PLANNING AND SITE SELECTION......Page 516 CERTIFICATION......Page 518 ORGANIC FARMING IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION......Page 520 CONCLUSION......Page 521 REFERENCES......Page 522 INTRODUCTION......Page 535 THE CLASSIFICATION OF ODOURS......Page 536 The Floral Family......Page 539 The Woody Family......Page 540 The Agrestic Family......Page 541 The Aldehydic Family......Page 542 The Fruity Family......Page 543 The Mint Family......Page 544 The Spicy Family......Page 545 The Herbaceous Family......Page 546 THE CLASSIFICATION OF FLAVOURS......Page 549 THE STRUCTURE OF A FRAGRANCE......Page 551 NEW PRODUCTS AND FRAGRANCE DEVELOPMENT......Page 555 Flavours......Page 563 THE NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS......Page 566 TYPES OF NEW PRODUCTS......Page 572 Product Life Cycles......Page 575 IDEATION......Page 578 IDEA SCREENING AND OPPORTUNITY IDENTIFICATION......Page 580 Concept Generation......Page 585 Manufacturing Plant Design......Page 600 A CASE EXAMPLE OF DEVELOPING AN IN-CISTERN BLUE BLOCKPRODUCTION SYSTEM (TOILET BLUE WATER BLOCK)......Page 602 The Development of the Molding Process......Page 603 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTRUSION PROCESS......Page 607 Intellectual Property......Page 610 COSMETICS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS......Page 616 THE CASE FOR NATURAL FRAGRANCES......Page 624 The Future Prospects of Supply......Page 634 NATURAL PERFUMERY......Page 635 Aromatherapy......Page 636 Laundry Products......Page 644 Pine Oil Disinfectants......Page 647 Insecticides and Repellents......Page 648 Air Fresheners......Page 651 Orange Oil and d-Limonene Cleaners......Page 652 AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS......Page 653 Essential Oil Based Fungicides/Insecticides......Page 655 Essential Oils in Soap Bases......Page 656 Organic Dusts......Page 657 Herbicides......Page 658 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS......Page 659 NATURAL ISOLATES AND AROMA CHEMICALS......Page 662 DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES......Page 666 Agro-Tourism......Page 669 Fairtrade......Page 672 GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP)......Page 674 HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS (HACCP)......Page 679 STANDARDS......Page 680 Organic and Ecological Product Certification......Page 682 Halal and Kosher Certifications......Page 687 Environmental Compliance......Page 691 Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA)......Page 692 THE HOLISTIC AND FOCUSED ENTERPRISE......Page 695 REFERENCES......Page 698 INTRODUCTION – A RE-LOOK AT OPPORTUNITY AND PERSONAL GOALS......Page 713 WILD COLLECTION......Page 716 SUBSISTENCE FARMING......Page 717 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS......Page 721 SMALL TO MEDIUM FAMILY FARMS......Page 723 PRODUCING ESSENTIAL OILS AS A BY-PRODUCT......Page 724 NEW ESSENTIAL OIL CROPS......Page 728 SOME INTERESTING CROPS......Page 735 REFERENCES......Page 757 INDEX......Page 765