تحلیل رفتار ضروری (روانشناسی ضروری)

Since the so-called 'cognitive revolution' in psychology in the 1960s, it has often been said that 'behaviourism is dead'. This book demonstrates why this is not the case and how the behavioural approach has continued to flourish. Leslie begins by summarising the behavioural approach to psychology and shows how it differs from other contemporary and cognitive approaches. The basic principles of the discipline are outlined and linked to major areas of interest and importance, such as behavioural neuroscience, resolution of human behavioural problems, and human language and cognition. Behaviour analysis is thus shown to contribute to our developing understanding of the relationship between brain systems and psychological problems, to provide an effective and scientifically based approach to human behavioural problems and to deal with topics central to modern psychology. Contents 8 Preface 12 Acknowledgements 13 Chapter 1 Opening Statement 14 1.1 The message 15 1.2 Is this a credible theory of human psychology? 19 1.3 Is that all there is to it? 22 1.4 Summary 24 Study questions for Chapter 1 25 Chapter 2 An Introduction to Behaviour Analysis 27 2.1 A scientific approach to behaviour 27 2.2 Early attempts to explain human behaviour 28 2.3 The conceptual framework of behaviourism 32 2.4 'Selectionism' and B.F. Skinner's account of the experimental analysis of behaviour 34 2.5 Other aspects of Skinner's approach to psychology 40 2.6 Applied behaviour analysis and functional analysis 47 2.7 Analysis of language and cognition 48 2.8 Summary 50 Study questions for Chapter 2 52 Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Behaviour Analysis 54 3.1 Classical conditioning 54 3.2 Operant behaviour and operant conditioning 58 3.3 An operant conditioning experiment in a Skinner box 60 3.4 The changes in behaviour that characterize operant conditioning 63 3.5 Outcomes of operant conditioning 67 3.6 The definition of response classes 68 3.7 Response differentiation and response shaping 69 3.8 Operants and reinforcing stimuli 71 3.9 Stimulus control 74 3.10 Perceptual stimulus classes 75 3.11 Stimulus control in classical conditioning 77 3.12 The three-term relationship of operant conditioning 80 3.13 The ABC of behaviour analysis 82 3.14 Summary 83 Study question for Chapter 3 84 Chapter 4 Further Principles of Behaviour Analysis 85 4.1 Alternative types of reinforcement in operant conditioning 86 4.2 Aversive contingencies 87 4.3 Aversive classical conditioning 94 4.4 Time out: the contingent removal of positive events 95 4.5 Conditioned reinforcement 96 4.6 Extinction of operant behaviour 98 4.7 Extinction-induced aggression 100 4.8 Resistance to extinction 102 4.9 Extinction of classically conditioned responses 103 4.10 Intermittent reinforcement 104 4.11 Differential reinforcement schedules 106 4.12 Interim summary 107 4.13 Stimulus generalization 107 4.14 Stimulus salience 109 4.15 Discrimination training 110 4.16 Stimulus equivalence 113 4.17 Observational learning and modelling 118 4.18 Children's behaviour after observing aggressive models 119 4.19 Why does modelling occur? 121 4.20 Reinforcement of modelling 123 4.21 Summary 124 Study questions for Chapter 4 127 Chapter 5 Behavioural Neuroscience 128 5.1 What is behavioural neuroscience? 128 5.2 Behaviour pharmacology 130 5.3 'Behavioural baselines': schedules of reinforcement 131 5.4 Use of operant techniques in behaviour pharmacology 135 5.5 Conditioned suppression 136 5.6 Resistance to extinction after fixed-ratio training 139 5.7 Behavioural effects of amphetamines 143 5.8 Animal models of psychiatric and neurological disorders 144 5.9 The new genetics and the use of 'transgenic animals' in behavioural studies 147 5.10 Completing the circle: effects of environmental enrichment 149 5.11 Summary 151 Study question for Chapter 5 153 Chapter 6 Applied Behaviour Analysis 154 6.1 Assessing behaviour in applied settings 155 6.2 Functional assessment and functional analysis 158 6.3 Methods of functional analysis 162 6.4 Single-case experimental designs 165 6.5 Withdrawal or ABAB designs 169 6.6 Multiple baseline designs 171 6.7 Increasing adaptive behaviour in applied settings 172 6.8 Using reinforcement to decrease maladaptive behaviour 175 6.9 Establishing new behavioural repertoires: prompting, shaping and chaining 177 6.10 Ensuring generalization of newly acquired skills 183 6.11 Extinction in applied settings 184 6.12 Punishment in applied settings 190 6.13 Ethical guidelines for the use of behavioural treatment 194 6.14 Summary 195 Study question for Chapter 6 198 Chapter 7 Language and Cognition 199 7.1 Being parsimonious: Occam's razor and Lloyd Morgan's canon 199 7.2 Could this work? The 'case of the eye' provides inspiration from evolutionary theory 201 7.3 Concept formation and relational learning 202 7.4 Learning based on arbitrary relations 205 7.5 Verbal behaviour 208 7.6 Teaching verbal behaviour to children 211 7.7 Rule-governed behaviour 215 7.8 Thoughts and feelings 218 7.9 Cognitions 219 7.10 Summary 221 7.11 Concluding remarks 224 Further reading 225 References 227 Possible answers to study questions 232 Author index 236 A 236 B 236 C 236 D 236 E 236 F 236 G 236 H 236 I 237 K 237 L 237 M 237 N 237 O 237 P 237 R 237 S 237 T 237 V 237 W 237 Y 237 Z 237 Subject index 238 A 238 B 238 C 238 D 238 E 239 F 239 G 239 H 239 I 239 L 239 M 239 N 239 O 240 P 240 Q 240 R 240 S 240 T 240 U 241 V 241 W 241 This book sets out the conceptual framework of behavior analysis, outlines the basic principles and findings of this scientific approach to human behavior, and shows how behavior analysis can deal with the important topics of behavioral neuroscience, resolution of human behavioral problems in applied behavior analysis, and human language and cognition. The biological basis of behavior analysis and human psychology is stressed, as is the continuity of psychological processes between human being and other animal species Summarising the behavioural approach to psychology, this text outlines the basic principles of the discipline and links them to major areas of interest and importance, such as behavioural neuroscience, and human language and cognition