مقالات درباره جنگ داخلی، نابرابری و توسعه‌نیافتگی

Armed conflict, including civil war, is inseparable from inequality and economic development. The intrinsic causes of conflict, even when it falls short of all-out warfare, are rooted in individual and group identity and the history of injustice and the mental framing of discrimination within society. Economics and political science have become increasingly interested in how the continuing failure of sustainable economic development and inequality has spawned armed conflict within states. Mansoob Murshed has pioneered research in the "rational choice" approach to conflict. This book includes his writings on issues of conflict causation to sustaining peace agreements, on how a peaceful state is made sustainable, the relationship of conflict with economic progress, the trade-conflict nexus, the effects of conflict on financial deepening and fiscal capacity, the effects of restricting international narcotics flows, aspects of the nature of transnational terrorism and the evolution of the fear of certain immigrant groups in Western nations. The essays cover both theoretical ideas, critical literature reviews, theory in a mathematical model, cross-national econometric empirical analysis, as well as sub-national econometric analyses. The enduring nature of war and conflict and uneven economic outcome make Murshed’s work of lasting significance. Cover Half-title Series Title page Dedication Copyright information Table of contents Preface Tables and Figures 1 Conflict, civil war and underdevelopment 2 Revisiting the greed and grievance explanations for violent conflict 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The greed or natural resource-based explanation for conflict 2.2.1 The theory of greed 2.2.2 Empirical issues in connection with the greed mechanism 2.3 Grievances and horizontal inequality as conflict drivers 2.3.1 Theories of grievance 2.3.1.1 Relative deprivation 2.3.1.2 Polarization 2.3.1.3 Horizontal inequality 2.3.2 Measurement of grievance 2.3.2.1 Relative deprivation 2.3.3 Some empirical findings 2.4 Synthesis and social contract 2.5 Conclusions 3 Greed, grievance and globalization 3.1 Introduction 3.2 A model of social contract and civil conflict 3.2.1 The government side 3.2.2 The rebel side 3.2.3 Solving the model 3.2.3.1 Non-cooperative behaviour 3.2.3.2 International aid, diaspora finance, greed and grievance 3.2.3.3 Globalization, growth and internal conflict 3.3 Conclusions 4 Economic dimensions of the liberal peace and its implications for conflict in developing countries 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Ideal theories of the liberal peace 4.3 Economic theories of the liberal peace 4.4 Globalization and internal conflict in developing countries 4.4.1 The gains from trade 4.4.2 Globalization and conflict 4.5 Conclusions and policy implications 5 Enforcing peace agreements through commitment technologies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The imperfect credibility of peace agreements 5.3 Commitment technologies for the rebel group 5.4 The finance and production of sanctions 5.5 Conclusions 6 The conflict–growth nexus and the poverty of nations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Long-run determinants of growth 6.3 Conflict 6.3.1 Definitions and stylized facts 6.3.2 Causes of conflict 6.3.2.1 Relative deprivation 6.3.2.2 Contest for natural resource rents 6.4 Growth, polity, endowments and conflict 6.5 Conclusions and policy recommendations 7 Conflict and fiscal capacity 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theory 7.3 Methodology and variables 7.4 Baseline results 7.5 Sensitivity and robustness 7.5.1 Spline regression 7.5.2 Instruments set 7.6 Long-run impact multipliers 7.7 Additional estimation 7.8 Conclusions Appendix 8 Does civil war hamper financial development? 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Theoretical framework 8.3 Methodological framework 8.4 Data and description 8.4.1 Dependent variable 8.4.1.1 Money and quasi money (M2): DEPTH 8.4.1.2 Credit to private sector as percentage of GDP: PRIVATE 8.4.2 Priority variable 8.4.2.1 Armed conflict 8.4.3 Control variables 8.4.3.1 Institutional quality 8.4.3.2 Real GDP per capita 8.4.3.3 Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) 8.4.3.4 Net barter terms of trade (2000 = 100) 8.4.3.5 Total population 8.4.4 Summary statistics 8.5 Results and discussion 8.6 Conclusions Appendix 9 The clash of civilizations and the interaction between fear and hatred 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fear and hatred 9.2.1 Government (G) 9.2.2 Dissident minorities (R) 9.3 Reaction functions 9.3.1 An increase in government militancy (a rise in μ) 9.3.2 A rise in radicalization or the intrinsic motivation to fight the state (.) 9.4 External finance for dissident groups 9.5 Conclusions 10 Transnational terrorism as a spillover of domestic disputes in other countries 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The model 10.2.1 Government (G) 10.2.2 Rebels (R) who are also terrorists against the government’s external sponsor 10.2.3 Outside sponsor (S) of the government 10.2.4 Model solution and the game form 10.3.2 An increase in the government’s fighting efficiency (a rise in μ) 10.3.3 An increase in the cost of peaceful effort amongst the rebels (a rise in Ee) 10.3.4 An increase in the cost of terrorist activities (a fall in Et) 10.3.5 A rise in rebel intrinsic motivation to fight the state (θ) 10.3.6 A rise in relative cost of giving aid to the government (ZA) 10.3.7 A more conservative (hawkish) outside sponsor (γ) 10.4 Conclusions 11 Quantitative restrictions on the flow of narcotics: supply and demand restraints in a North–South macro-model 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Illicit production and aggregate supply in the South 11.3 Macroeconomic effects of a VER and a transfer 11.4 Macroeconomic effects of a tariff 11.5 Conclusions Appendix 12 Spatial-horizontal inequality and the Maoist conflict in Nepal 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The causes of civil war 12.2.1 Greed versus grievance 12.2.2 The social contract and institutions of conflict management 12.3 Horizontal inequality and institutional failure in Nepal 12.3.1 Horizontal inequality in Nepal 12.3.2 Institutional failure in Nepal 12.4 Empirical results 12.4.1 Hypotheses 12.4.2 Data 12.4.3 Method and results 12.5 Conclusions and policy implications 13 Socioeconomic determinants of everyday violence in Indonesia: an empirical investigation of Javanese districts, 1994–2003 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Conceptual framework 13.3 Crisis, transition and social violence in Indonesia 13.4 Model specification, methods and data 13.5 Estimation results and discussion 13.5.1 Growth model 13.5.2 Poverty model 13.5.3 Human development model 13.5.4 Education model 13.5.5 Violence and economic crisis 13.5.6 Conflict/violence and the stage of development 13.6 Conclusions Appendix 14 Not loving thy neighbour as thyself: trade, democracy and military expenditure explanations underlying India–Pakistan rivalr 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The liberal peace 14.3 The cost of peaceful actions: strategic interaction 14.4 Empirical analysis 14.4.1 Hypotheses 14.4.2 Data 14.5 Methodology 14.6 Results 14.7 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Index Syed Mansoob Murshed has been at the forefront of research in the rational choice approach to conflict. His pioneering work over many years has demonstrated that armed conflict is inseparable from inequality and economic development. This book brings together Murshed’s key economic writings on conflict and includes work on conflict causation, sustaining peace agreements, the relationship of conflict and economic progress, the trade–conflict nexus, the effects of conflict on financial deepening and fiscal capacity, as well as case studies of everyday violence and transnational terrorism. The essays cover both theoretical ideas, critical literature reviews, mathematical modelling, and crossnational and subnational econometric empirical analysis. The enduring nature of war and conflict and uneven economic outcomes make Murshed’s work of lasting significance. Syed Mansoob Murshed has been at the forefront of research in the rational choice approach to conflict. His pioneering work over many years has demonstrated that armed conflict is inseparable from inequality and economic development.0This book brings together Murshed's key economic writings on conflict and includes work on conflict causation, sustaining peace agreements, the relationship of conflict and economic progress, the trade-conflict nexus, the effects of conflict on financial deepening and fiscal capacity, as well as case studies of everyday violence and transnational terrorism. The essays cover both theoretical ideas, critical literature reviews, mathematical modelling, and crossnational and subnational econometric empirical analysis.0The enduring nature of war and conflict and uneven economic outcomes make Murshed's work of lasting significance