Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 4 China)

In all likelihood, it was the form of Buddhism labeled “Esoteric Buddhism” that had the greatest geographical spread of any form of Buddhism. It left its imprint not only on its native India, but far beyond, on Southeast Asia, Central Asia, including Tibet and Mongolia, as well as the East Asian countries China, Korea and Japan. Not only has Esoteric Buddhism contributed substantially to the development of Buddhism in many cultures, but it also facilitated the transmission of religious art and material culture, science and technology. This volume, the result of an international collaboration of forty scholars, provides a comprehensive resource on Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in their Chinese, Korean, and Japanese contexts from the first few centuries of the common era right up to the present. Edited by Charles D. Orzech (General Editor), Henrik H. Sørensen and Richard K. Payne. Contributors include: Barbara Ambrose, Anna Andreeva, Sarah Aptilon, Ian Astley, Clemente Beghi, Heather Blair, William Bodiford, Chen Jinhua, Paul Copp, Ronald M. Davidson, Lucia Dolce, Athanasios Drakakis, Donald Drummond, Ruth Dunnell, Jay Ford, David Gardiner, Rolf Giebel, Robert M. Gimello, David Gray, Elizabeth ten Grotenhuis, Nobumi Iyanaga, George Keyworth, Martin Lehnert, Hun Y. Lye, Shinya Mano, Richard M. McBride, Laura Meeks, Regan Murphy, Charles D. Orzech, Richard K. Payne, Klaus Pinte, Fabio Rambelli, Thierry Robouam, James Robson, Brian Ruppert, Neil Schmid, Gaynor Sekimori, Shen Weirong, Henrik H. Sørensen, Mark Unno, Pamela Winfield Contents......Page 6 Acknowledgements......Page 14 List of illustrations......Page 16 General Introduction Buddhist Tantras, Esoteric Buddhism,Vajrayāna Buddhism......Page 24 1. Introduction: Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia: Some Methodological Considerations......Page 26 2. Sources and Inspirations: Esoteric Buddhism in South Asia......Page 42 Canonical and Non-canonical Sources and Materials......Page 48 3. Taishō Volumes 18–21......Page 50 4. Textual Material Relating to Esoteric Buddhism in China Outside the Taishō, vol. 18–21......Page 60 Esoteric Buddhist Practices......Page 92 5. Abhisẹka......Page 94 6. Mudrā, Mantra and Mandala......Page 99 7. Central Divinities in the Esoteric Buddhist Pantheon in China......Page 113 8. Homa......Page 156 9. Visualization and Contemplation......Page 164 10. Stūpas and Relics in Esoteric Buddhism......Page 169 Esoteric Buddhism in China Developments During the 3rd–7th Centuries: New Scriptures and New Practices......Page 176 11. On Esoteric Buddhism in China: A Working Definition......Page 178 12. Dhāraṇī Scriptures......Page 199 13. The Apocrypha and Esoteric Buddhism in China......Page 204 14. Esoteric Buddhism and Magic in China......Page 220 15. Esoteric Buddhism and its Relation to Healing and Demonology......Page 231 16. Popular Esoteric Deities and the Spread of their Cults......Page 238 17. Esoteric Scriptures in the Context of Chinese Buddhist Translation Practice......Page 243 Convergences, Esoteric Buddhism, Daoism,and Popular Religion......Page 246 18. Talismans in Chinese Esoteric Buddhism......Page 248 19. Astrology and the Worship of the Planets in Esoteric Buddhism of the Tang......Page 253 20. Concepts of the Netherworld and Modifications in the Chinese Articulation of Karma......Page 268 21. Mediums in Esoteric Buddhism......Page 274 22. Esoteric Buddhist Art up to the Tang......Page 278 Esoteric Buddhism during the Tang......Page 284 23. Esoteric Buddhism in the Tang: From Atikūtạ to Amoghavajra (651–780)......Page 286 24. Esoteric Buddhism and Monastic Institutions......Page 309 25. The Presence of Esoteric Buddhist Elements in Chinese Buddhism during the Tang......Page 317 26. The Development of the Esoteric Buddhist Canon......Page 327 27. The Impact of Translated Esoteric Buddhist Scriptures on Chinese Buddhism......Page 330 28. After Amoghavajra: Esoteric Buddhism in the Late Tang......Page 338 Key Figures in Esoteric Buddhism during the Tang......Page 360 29. Śubhākarasiṃha......Page 362 30. Yixing......Page 365 31. Vajrabodhi (671–741)......Page 368 32. Amoghavajra: His Role in and Influence on the Development of Buddhism......Page 374 33. Prajña......Page 383 Esoteric Buddhism in the Provinces and Neighboring Regions......Page 386 34. Dunhuang and Central Asia (with an Appendix on Dunhuang Manuscript Resources)......Page 388 35. Esoteric Buddhism in the Nanzhao and Dali Kingdoms (ca. 800–1253)......Page 402 36. Esoteric Buddhism in Sichuan During the Tang and Five Dynasties Period......Page 416 37. Esoteric Buddhist Art Under the Tang......Page 424 Esoteric Buddhism and the Buddhist Tantras: The Song, Liao, Xixia, Jin, and Yunnan......Page 442 38. Esoteric Buddhism Under the Song: An Overview......Page 444 39. Esoteric Buddhism in Song Dynasty Sichuan......Page 454 40. Buddhist Tantras and Chinese Culture......Page 458 41. Translation of Tantras and Other Esoteric Buddhist Scriptures......Page 462 42. Tibet and the Continent from the Tenth to Thirteenth Centuries......Page 474 43. Esoteric Buddhism Under the Liao......Page 479 44. Esoteric Buddhism Under the Xixia (1038–1227)......Page 488 45. Esoteric Buddhism Under the Jin (1115–1234)......Page 501 46. Esoteric Buddhist Art Under the Nanzhao and Dali Kingdoms......Page 510 47. Esoteric Buddhist Art in China, 960–1279......Page 521 The Broader Impact of Esoteric Buddhism......Page 536 48. The Esotericization of Chinese Buddhist Practices......Page 538 49. Song Tiantai Ghost-Feeding Rituals......Page 543 50. Avalokiteśvara......Page 548 51. Esoteric Buddhist Elements in Daoist Ritual Manuals of the Song, Yuan, and Ming......Page 552 From Kublai’s Conquest to the Present: The Impact of Tibetan and Central Asian Vajrayāna in China......Page 560 52. Tibetan Buddhism in Mongol-Yuan China (1206–1368)......Page 562 53. Tantric Buddhism in Ming China......Page 573 54. Yuqie Yankou in the Ming-Qing......Page 584 55. Tibetan Lamas in Ethnic Chinese Communities and the Rise of New Tibetan-Inspired Chinese Religions......Page 591 Esoteric Buddhism in Korea......Page 596 56. Early Esoteric Buddhism in Korea: Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla (ca. 600–918)......Page 598 57. Esoteric Buddhism Under the Koryo (918–1392)......Page 620 58. Esoteric Buddhism Under the Choson......Page 639 Esoteric Buddhism in Japan Esoteric Buddhism in Japan during the Nara and Heian......Page 682 59.The Dissemination of Esoteric Scriptures in Eighth-Century Japan......Page 684 60. Onmyōdō and Esoteric Buddhism......Page 706 61. Kūkai and the Development of Shingon Buddhism......Page 714 62. Esoteric Buddhism, Material Culture, and Catalogues in East Asia......Page 732 63. The Maṇḍala as Metropolis......Page 742 64. Taimitsu: The Esoteric Buddhism of the Tendai School......Page 767 65. Godai’in Annen......Page 791 66. Exploring the Esoteric in Nara Buddhism......Page 799 67. Dharma Prince Shukaku and the Esoteric Buddhist Culture of Sacred Works (Shōgyō) in Medieval Japan......Page 817 Medieval (Kamakura, Muromachi and Azuka-Momoyama)......Page 824 68. Tachikawa-ryū......Page 826 69. Looking Back and Leaping Forward: Constructing Lineage in the Shingi-Shingon Tradition of Japan......Page 838 70. Yōsai and Esoteric Buddhism......Page 850 71. Shintō and Esoteric Buddhism......Page 858 72. Shingon Risshū: Esoteric Buddhism and Vinaya Orthodoxy in Japan......Page 868 73. The Deity of Miwa and Tendai Esoteric Thought......Page 877 74. Kōmyō Shingon......Page 886 75. Collapsing the Distinction between Buddha and Believer: Human Hair in Japanese Esotericizing Embroideries......Page 899 76. Goddess Genealogy: Nyoirin Kannon in the Ono Shingon Tradition......Page 916 77. Landmarks of Esoteric Art in Japan......Page 927 78. Zen and Esoteric Buddhism......Page 947 79. The Tōji Lecture Hall Statue Mandala and the Choreography of Mikkyō......Page 959 Early Modern, Modern and Contemporary (Edo, Meiji, and up to the Present)......Page 1006 80. Sanskrit Studies in Early Modern Japan......Page 1008 81. Shugendō and Its Relationship with the Japanese Esoteric Sects: A Study of the Ritual Calendar of an Edo Period Shugendō Shrine-Temple Complex......Page 1020 82. Shingon Buddhism in the Early Modern Period......Page 1032 83. Tōzanha Shugendō in the Early Modern Period......Page 1041 84. The Fourfold Training in Japanese Esoteric Buddhism......Page 1047 85. The Role of Esoteric Buddhism in Contemporary Japan: Whether Esotericism Appears or Remains Concealed in the World Depends on the Trend of the Times......Page 1052 86. The Sea of Esotericism is of One Flavor but Has Deep and Shallow Aspects: “Tantra” and New Age Movements (from Agonshū to Asahara Shōkō)......Page 1058 87. From Vedic India to Buddhist Japan: Continuities and Discontinuities in Esoteric Ritual......Page 1063 Contributors......Page 1078 Abbreviations......Page 1082 Bibliography......Page 1086 Index......Page 1170 This Volume Is The Result Of An International Collaboration Of Forty Scholars And Provides A Comprehensive Resource On Esoteric Buddhism And The Tantras In Their Chinese, Korean, And Japanese Contexts From The First Few Centuries Of The Common Era Right Up To The Present.--publisher. Buddhist Tantras, Esoteric Buddhism, Vajrayāna Buddhism -- Canonical And Non-canonical Sources And Materials -- Esoteric Buddhist Practices -- Developments During The 3rd-7th Centuries New Scriptures And New Practices -- Convergences : Esoteric Buddhism, Daoism, And Popular Religion -- Esoteric Buddhism During The Tang -- Key Figures In Esoteric Buddhism During The Tang -- Esoteric Buddhism In The Provinces And Neighboring Regions -- Esoteric Buddhism And The Buddhist Tantras : The Song, Liao, Xixia, Jin, And Yunnan -- The Broader Impact Of Esoteric Buddhism -- From Kublai's Conquest To The Present : The Impact Of Tibetan And Central Asian Vajrayāna In China -- Esoteric Buddhism In Korea -- Esoteric Buddhism In Japan During The Nara And Heian -- Medieval (kamakura, Muromachi And Azuka-momoyama) -- Early Modern, Modern And Contemporary (edo, Meiji, And Up To The Present). Edited By Charles D. Orzech (general Editor), Henrik H. Sørensen (associate Editor), Richard K. Payne (associate Editor). Includes Bibliographical References And Index.