Epioptics-9: Proceedings of the 39th Course of the International School of Solid State Physics (Science and Culture Series ?????? Physics) (Science and Culture)

This special volume contains the proceedings of the 9th Epioptics Workshop, held at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture, Erice, Sicily, from July 20 to 26, 2006. The workshop was the 9th in the Epioptics series and the 39th of the International School of Solid State Physics. The workshop was aimed at assessing the capabilities of state-of-the-art optical techniques in elucidating the fundamental electronic and structural properties of semiconductor and metal surfaces, interfaces, thin layers, and layer structures, and at assessing the usefulness of these techniques for optimization of high-quality multilayer samples through feedback control during materials growth and processing. Particular emphasis is dedicated to the theory of non-linear optics and to dynamical processes through the use of pump-probe techniques together with the search for new optical sources. Some new applications of scanning probe microscopy to material science and biological samples, dried and in vivo, with the use of different laser sources are also presented. Preface......Page 8 1. Introduction......Page 10 2. Longitudinal Gauge......Page 11 3. Time-dependent Perturbation Theory......Page 14 4. Layered Current Density......Page 18 5. Non-linear Susceptibility......Page 22 6. Gauge Invariance......Page 25 7. SHG Radiation......Page 27 8. Conclusions......Page 30 Acknowledgments......Page 31 References......Page 35 1. Introduction......Page 37 2.1. Ground state......Page 38 2.3. Electron-hole pairs and dielectric function......Page 39 3.1. Spin ordering......Page 42 3.2. Nanocrystals......Page 43 4. Example: Antiferromagnetic insulator MnO......Page 44 5 . Example: Nanocrystal Si17H36......Page 45 6. Summary......Page 46 References......Page 47 1. Introduction......Page 50 2. Determination of the ground state: C(111)2 x 1......Page 52 3. Quasiparticle effects in the electronic band structure......Page 57 3.1. Example: liquid water......Page 60 4. Many body effects in the optical properties......Page 61 4.1. Examples: Silicon nanowires (1D)......Page 64 4.2. Example: silicon nanoclusters (OD)......Page 66 5. conclusions......Page 67 References......Page 68 1. Introduction and motivations......Page 71 2. Theory......Page 72 3. Computational scheme and results for the dielectric function......Page 73 4. The supercell approach and some related pitfalls......Page 74 5. EELS spectra......Page 76 6. Conclusions......Page 77 References......Page 78 1. Introduction......Page 79 2. Method......Page 80 3. k point convergence......Page 81 4. Anisotropy at......Page 82 5. Summary......Page 83 References......Page 84 1. Introduction......Page 85 2. Experiment: techniques and film growth......Page 86 3. Theoretical model and discussion......Page 87 References......Page 90 1. Introduction......Page 91 2. Raman Scattering......Page 93 3.1. Raman Experimental Set-up......Page 95 3.2. Micro-Raman measurements on Nano structures......Page 97 3.2.1. GaAs nanowires......Page 98 3.2.2. ZnO nanowires......Page 100 4. Nano Resolution Raman scattering: From Far Field to Near Field......Page 102 5. Realizations of Raman Scattering with a tip (SNOM or A-SNOM)......Page 105 6. Summary......Page 108 Acknowledgements......Page 109 References......Page 110 1. Introduction......Page 112 2. Discussion and results......Page 113 References......Page 117 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 118 3. DISCUSSIONS AND RESULTS......Page 120 References......Page 123 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 124 2. EXPERIMENT......Page 125 4. RESULTS......Page 127 References......Page 131 INTRODUCTION......Page 133 MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 134 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 135 References......Page 136 1. Introduction......Page 139 3. Chemistry and Magnetism at the NiO/Fe Interface......Page 140 4. Magnetic anisotropy in the NiO layer......Page 142 5. Conclusions......Page 144 References......Page 145 Nonlinear Magneto-Optical Probing of Magnetic Nanostructures: Observation of NiO(111) Growth on a Ni(001) Single Crystal V. K. Valev, A . Kirilyuk, Th. Rasing......Page 146 1. Introduction......Page 147 2. Theory......Page 148 3. Calculating the MSHG intensity......Page 150 4. Experimental considerations......Page 152 5. Applications to magnetic surfaces and interfaces......Page 153 6. Symmetry considerations: observation of NiO(111) growth on a Ni(001) single crystal......Page 155 6.2 Experimental details......Page 156 6.3 Results and discussion......Page 157 7 Conclusion......Page 161 1. Introduction......Page 165 2. Theoretical Model......Page 166 3. Experiment and Results......Page 167 4. Conclusions......Page 169 References......Page 170 1. Introduction......Page 171 2. SAW physics with photons......Page 174 3. Kinematics of Inelastic Scattering Spectroscopies: Photons versus Massive Particles......Page 179 4. Overcoming the Problem of Small Photon Momentum......Page 181 5. Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS)......Page 184 References......Page 187 2.2. Quasiparticles2.3. Electron-hole pairs and dielectric function; 3. Modelling of spin and confinement; 3.1. Spin ordering; 3.2. Nanocrystals; 4. Example: Antiferromagnetic insulator MnO; 5 . Example: Nanocrystal Si17H36; 6. Summary; Acknowledgement; References; Excited State Properties Calculations: from 0 to 3 Dimensional Systems M. Marsili, V. Garbuio, M. Bruno, 0. Pulci, M. Palummo, E. Degoli, E. Luppi, R. Del Sole; 1. Introduction; 2. Determination of the ground state: C(111)2 x 1; 3. Quasiparticle effects in the electronic band structure; 3.1. Example: liquid water Dielectric Function of the Si(113)3 x 2ADI Surface from ab-initio Methods K. Gaal-Nagy, G. Onida1. Introduction; 2. Method; 3. k point convergence; 4. Anisotropy at; 5. Summary; 6. Acknowledgment; References; Modeling of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H) Thin Films Prepared by the Saddle Field Glow Discharge Method for Photovoltaic Applications A.V. Sachenko, A.I. Shkrebtii, F. Gaspari, N. Kherani, A. Kazakevitch; 1. Introduction; 2. Experiment: techniques and film growth; 3. Theoretical model and discussion; 4. Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References 4. Many body effects in the optical properties4.1. Examples: Silicon nanowires (1D); 4.2. Example: silicon nanoclusters (OD); 5. conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; Dielectric Response and Electron Energy Loss Spectra of an Oxidized Si(100)-(2 x 2) Surface L. Caramella, G. Onida, C. Hogan; 1. Introduction and motivations; 2. Theory; 3. Computational scheme and results for the dielectric function; 4. The supercell approach and some related pitfalls; 5. EELS spectra; 6. Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References High Spatial Resolution Raman Scattering for Nano-structures E. Speiser, B. Buick, S. Delgobbo, D. Calestani, W. Richter1. Introduction; 2. Raman Scattering; 3. Micro - Raman Scattering on Nanostructures; 3.1. Raman Experimental Set-up; 3.2. Micro-Raman measurements on Nano structures; 3.2.1. GaAs nanowires; 3.2.2. ZnO nanowires; 4. Nano Resolution Raman scattering: From Far Field to Near Field; 5. Realizations of Raman Scattering with a tip (SNOM or A-SNOM); 6. Summary; Acknowledgements; References Investigation of Compositional Disorder in GaAs1-xNx:H R. Trotta, M. Felici, F. Masia, A. Polimeni, A . Miriametro, M. Capizzi