Epigenetics of Stress and Stress Disorders (Volume 31) (Translational Epigenetics, Volume 31)

Epigenetics of Stress and Stress Disorders, a new volume in the Translational Epigenetics series, examines the epigenetic mechanisms involved in modifying DNA following prolonged stress or trauma. This is accomplished through the evaluation of both the physiological and molecular effects of stress on the body that can eventually lead to stress disorders. The book begins by providing a psychiatric, biological, and phenomenological foundation for understanding stress disorders, before delving into the genomics of stress disorders. From here, chapter authors discuss a range of recent epigenetic research in the area, highlighting epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS), exciting developments in noncoding RNA studies, possible effects of prolonged stress on telomere shortening, and the long-term physical effects of PTSD on the health of patients. The book also examines the effect of adversity during sensitive periods or development and across the life span. The book concludes by looking at possible transgenerational stress-induced epigenetic alterations on future offspring and important areas of research for public health, along with the potential for epigenetic therapeutics or "epidrugs.” Examines the epigenetics of stress, trauma, and related stress disorders Connects new research to clinical practice and highlights implications for patient care, drug discovery, and public health Discusses the epigenetic effect of adversity across the life span, and transgenerational stress-induced epigenetic alterations Features chapter contributions from international experts in the field Front Cover Epigenetics of Stress and Stress Disorders Copyright Contents Contributors Foreword Acknowledgments Chapter 1 The physiology of stress and the human body’s response to stress Introduction Stress as an environmental factor The basics of the stress response Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems Allostasis and allostatic load Allostatic load and disease burden Allostatic load and the brain Cortisol as the primary driver of the chronic stress response Glucocorticoids and the brain Molecular mechanism of cortisol action Intracellular negative feedback and glucocorticoid resistance Epigenetics Effect of chronic stress on systemic cortisol dynamics Effect of chronic stress on neurotransmitter function and behavior Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 2 Posttraumatic stress disorder: Diagnosis, measurement, and assessment Introduction to PTSD and stress-related disorders Proper diagnosis according to DSM-5 Risk factors for PTSD Comorbidities and complications of PTSD Differential diagnosis of PTSD PTSD vs acute stress disorder Tools for diagnosis Life events checklist for DSM 5 (LEC-5) PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Clinician-administered PTSD scale 5 (CAPS-5) References Chapter 3 Nikola Tesla: An autobiographical case study of trauma and resilience Introduction a Nikola Tesla’s mental symptoms and mental experiences References Chapter 4 Management of posttraumatic stress disorder Introduction Management algorithm Treatment algorithm Shared decision making The role of PTSD checklist-5 (PCL-5) in management Trauma-focused psychotherapies Prolonged exposure therapy Cognitive processing therapy Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Specific cognitive-behavioral therapies for PTSD Brief eclectic psychotherapy Narrative exposure therapy Written narrative exposure Second-line therapies Nontrauma-based psychotherapies Other psychotherapies First-line pharmacotherapies Second-line pharmacotherapies Medications to avoid in PTSD treatment Complementary and alternative techniques Internet-based and tele-therapies Management of PTSD comorbidities Summary References Chapter 5 Depression and epigenetics: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and assessment Epidemiology Neurobiology and pathophysiology Genetic predisposition Environmental factors and gene-environment interactions Epigenetic mechanisms Pathophysiology Monoamine dysfunction Glutamate dysfunction Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction Immune system dysregulation Dysfunction of neuroplasticity and neurogenesis Circadian rhythm dysregulation Dysregulation of opioid and endocannabinoid systems Diagnosis and assessment Diagnostic criteria, classification, and symptomatology Major depressive disorder MDD subtypes and specifiers Comorbidities Suicide risk Screening, diagnosis, and measurement-based care Screening and diagnosis Measurement-based care References Chapter 6 Depression management and pharmacoepigenetics Principles of depression management General principles Treatment phases Measurement-based and evidence-informed care Stepped care and chronic disease management model Depression management strategies Suicide risk management Treatment selection Pharmacotherapy Antidepressant selection: Clinical factors Antidepressant selection: Nonclinical factors Management of partial or lack of response Monitoring and management of adverse reactions Psychotherapy Neurostimulation Depression management in special populations Pharmacoepigenetics References Chapter 7 Psychotherapy for stress disorders: A military perspective Overview of behavioral health in the military health system Posttraumatic stress disorder Pretraumatic factors Peritraumatic factors Posttraumatic factors Treatment Psychotherapy for PTSD Prolonged exposure Cognitive processing therapy Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Conclusion Depression Treatment Epigenetics and psychotherapy Conclusion References Further reading Chapter 8 How stress affects gene expression through epigenetic modifications Introduction—Biology of stress Epigenetics DNA methylation Histone modification and noncoding RNA Gene expression Stress-induced epigenetic and gene expression changes in animal models Stress-induced epigenetic modifications and gene expression changes in humans DNA methylation and gene expression changes of candidate genes Genome-wide studies of DNA methylation and gene expression changes Timing of stress is important—epigenetic modifications and gene expression changes at different times during life Epigenetic effects of stress in early life Epigenetic effects of stress in childhood Effects of stress in adulthood Transgenerational transmission of stress-induced epigenetic marks Limitations and future directions References Chapter 9 Proposed effect of epigenetic alterations on stress-related disorders Introduction Genetic background and mechanisms of stress-related disorders Genetic background of depressive disorders Genetic background of posttraumatic stress disorder From genetics to epigenetics Epigenetic mechanisms in the process of stress-related disorders The influences of psychosocial stress on an epigenetic level Epigenetic correlates of stress-reducing interventions and psychotherapies Conclusion References Chapter 10 PTSD and physiology: The long-term effects of PTSD and relation to epigenetics, physical health, and chronic dis... Introduction PTSD and adverse physical health Epigenetic studies of PTSD and implications for physical health EWAS of PTSD Comparing EWAS study characteristics Replicated findings EWAS results and implications for physical health Nervous system-related genes Inflammation and immune-related genes Endocrine-related genes Cardiovascular-related genes Metabolic disease-related genes Summary PTSD and epigenetic aging Summary Future directions Conclusions References Chapter 11 Epigenomic biomarkers of posttraumatic stress disorder Introduction Genetics of PTSD Epigenetics of PTSD DNA methylation Accelerated epigenetic aging and PTSD Histone modifications Noncoding RNAs Toward the development of PTSD multiomics biomarkers Gaps, challenges, and future directions Acknowledgments References Chapter 12 Adversity across time: Do sensitive periods across the life span determine adversity-induced epigenetic changes? Introduction Studies by timing of stress exposure Prenatal Postnatal to preadolescence (0–12 years old) Adolescence (12–20 years old) Adulthood ( > 20 years old) Intergenerational Methodological considerations Summary and concluding remarks Funding References Chapter 13 PTSD, telomeres, and aging Introduction Methods Results Kang et al. 24 Kim et al. 25 Avetyan et al. 27 Connolly et al. 29 Roberts et al. 30 Bersani et al. 28 Boks et al. 26 Shalev et al. 31 Zhang et al. 22 Jergović et al. 19 Ladwig et al. 23 O’Donovan et al. 21 Malan et al. 20 Discussion References Chapter 14 Accelerated aging in mood disorders Introduction Mood disorders Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder Clinical evidence of accelerated aging in mood disorders Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder Pathophysiology of accelerated aging in mood disorders Biological clock findings in mood disorders Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder Antiaging effects of antidepressants and mood stabilizers Conclusions References Chapter 15 Epigenetics, stress, and depression Introduction Materials and methods Results Chan et al. 5 Hüls et al. 6 Humphreys et al. 7 Starnawska et al. 8 Zhu et al. 9 Boström et al. 10 Ciuculete et al. 11 Kuan et al. 12 Bustamante et al. 13 Kaut et al. 14 Dell’Osso et al. 15 Davies et al. 16 Weder et al. 17 Melas et al. 18 Numata et al. 19 Discussion References Chapter 16 Capturing the epigenome: Differences among blood, saliva, and brain samples Introduction Early days of research on neuropsychiatric epigenetics in animals and humans Comparison of DNA methylation among blood, saliva, and buccal samples Salivary DNA methylation analyses Salivary DNA methylation studies of PTSD and trauma Studies on correlations between brain and peripheral tissue DNA methylation and its databases Conclusion References Chapter 17 Posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and noncoding RNAs Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder Major depressive disorder MicroRNAs Long noncoding RNAs MicroRNA and posttraumatic stress disorder MicroRNAs and major depressive disorder Long noncoding RNAs and posttraumatic stress disorder Long noncoding RNAs and major depressive disorder Heritability of abnormal ncRNA and epigenetic profile after trauma Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 18 MicroRNAs in posttraumatic stress disorder Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder Epigenetics: The roles of microRNAs Biogenesis and mode of action of microRNAs Circulating microRNAs MicroRNAs in the central nervous system MicroRNAs, stress, and PTSD Animal studies MicroRNAs, fear conditioning, and memory formation Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of PTSD Sex-dependent microRNAs MicroRNAs in transgenerational inheritance of early stress MicroRNAs targeting the FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) gene Human studies MicroRNAs and immune-related alterations in PTSD MicroRNAs and signaling pathways in PTSD MicroRNAs and early life stress Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers of PTSD Current challenges, pitfalls, and future perspectives References Chapter 19 Potential transgenerational epigenetic effects of prolonged stress and psychological trauma Introduction Studies on transgenerational effect of trauma and PTSD Transgenerational effects of trauma and stress and physical health Discussion Acknowledgment References Chapter 20 Targeting epigenetics as future treatments of trauma- and stress-or-related disorders. Epidrugs and epinutraceut... Introduction PTSD—Patterns of gene expression DNA methylation Neuronal DNA methylation in PTSD—Preclinical studies Neuronal DNA methylation in PTSD—Clinical studies Histone modifications in PTSD Regulatory RNAs and their relevance to PTSD MicroRNAs Long-noncoding RNAs and their roles in PTSD Neurotransmitter systems and their epigenetic relationships with PTSD Epigenetics of comorbid depression and anxiety in PTSD The implications of epigenetics for the treatment of PTSD and stress-related disorders Current drug-based treatments for PTSD and comorbid disorders Epigenetic-based drugs (epidrugs) for neuropsychiatric stress-related disorders Epinutraceuticals with therapeutic potential for trauma- and stress-or-related disorders AtreMorine (E-PodoFavalin-15999) LipoEsar (E-SAR-94010) CabyMar (E-CAB-94011) Conclusions and future perspectives References Further reading Index Back Cover