EPA. Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression Ignition Engines Less than 30 Liters Per Cylinder

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008. 555 p. - EPA420-R-08-001 Industry Characterization Marine Introduction Marine Diesel Engine Manufacturers Marine Vessel Manufacturers Vessel Operators Locomotive Introduction Current Emission Regulations Supply: Locomotive Manufacturing and Remanufacturing Demand: Railroads Existing Regulations Foreign Railroads in US Air Quality and Resulting Health and Welfare Effects of Air Pollution from Mobile Sources Particulate Matter Science of PM Formation Health Effects of PM Pollution Current PM2.5 Levels Projected PM2.5 Levels Environmental Effects of PM Pollution Ozone Science of Ozone Formation Health Effects of Ozone Pollution Current 8-Hour Ozone Levels Projected 8-Hour Ozone Levels Environmental Effects of Ozone Pollution Air Quality Modeling Methodology Air Quality Modeling Overview Model Domain and Configuration Model Inputs CMAQ Evaluation Model Simulation Scenarios sibility Modeling Methodology Air Toxics Diesel Exhaust PM Other Air Toxics—benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, POM, naphthalene Emission Inventory Commercial Marine Diesel Engines General Methodology Baseline (Pre-Control) Inventory Development Control Inventory Development Projected Commercial Marine Emission Reductions of Final Rule Recreational Marine Diesel Engines General Methodology Baseline (Pre-Control) Inventory Development Control Inventory Development Projected Recreational Marine Emission Reductions of Final Rule Locomotives General Methodology Baseline (Pre-Control) Inventory Development Control Inventory Development Projected Locomotive Emission Reductions from the Final Rule Projected Total Emission Reductions from the Final Rule Contribution of Marine Diesel Engines and Locomotives to Baseline National Emission Inventories Categories and Sources of Data PM2.5 Contributions to Baseline NOx Contributions to Baseline OC Contributions to Baseline CO Contributions to Baseline SO2 Contributions to Baseline Contribution of Marine Diesel Engines and Locomotives to Non-Attainment Area Emission Inventories Emission Inventories Used for Air Quality Modeling Comparison of Air Quality and Final Rule Inventories Locomotive Inventory Changes Marine Diesel Inventory Changes Locomotive and Marine Technological Feasibility Overview of Emissions Standards and Emission Control Technologies Emission Control Technologies for Remanufactured Engine Standards and for Tier New Engine Interim Standards Diesel Combustion and Pollutant Formation Engine-out Emission Control Feasibility of Tier 4 Locomotive and Marine Standards Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) NOx Control Technology PM and HC Exhaust Aftertreatment Technology SCR and CDPF Packaging Feasibility Mechanical Durability of Aftertreatment Components Stakeholder Concerns Regarding Locomotive NOx Standard Feasibility Feasibility of Marine NTE Standards Lead Time Conclusions Engineering Cost Estimates Methodology for Estimating Engine and Equipment Engineering Costs Engineering Costs for Freshly Manufactured Engines Fixed Engineering Costs Variable Engineering Costs Engineering Costs for Freshly Manufactured Equipment Fixed Engineering Costs Variable Engineering Costs Operating Costs for Freshly Manufactured Tier 4 Engines Increased Operating Costs Associated with Urea Use Increased Operating Costs Associated with DPF Maintenance Increased Operating Costs Associated with Fuel Consumption Impacts Total Increased Operating Costs Associated with Freshly Manufactured Tier Engines Engineering Hardware Costs and Operating Costs Associated with the Locomotive and Marine Remanufacturing Programs Summary of Final Program Engineering Costs Engineering Costs for Freshly Manufactured Engines Engineering Costs for Freshly Manufactured Equipment Operating Costs for Freshly Manufactured Tier 4 Engines Engineering Hardware and Operating Costs for Remanufactured Engines Total Engineering and Operating Costs Associated with the Final Program Engineering Costs and Savings Associated with Idle Reduction Technology Analysis of Energy Effects Cost Effectiveness Cost-Benefit Analysis Overview Air Quality Impacts for Benefits Analysis Converting CMAQ Outputs to Full-Season Profiles for Benefits Analysis Ozone and PM2.5 Air Quality Results Characterizing Uncertainty: Moving Toward a Probabilistic Framework for Benefits Assessment Health Impact Functions Potentially Affected Populations Effect Estimate Sources Baseline Incidence Rates Economic Values for Health Outcomes Mortality Valuation Hospital Admissions Valuation Asthma-Related Emergency Room Visits Valuation Minor Restricted Activity Days Valuation School Absences Benefits Analysis Results for the Final Standards Comparison of Costs and Benefits Appendix A: Health-Based Cost Effectiveness Analysis . Appendix B: Sensitivity Analyses of Key Parameters in the Benefits Analysis Economic Impact Analysis Overview and Results What is an Economic Impact Analysis? What Methodology Did EPA Use in this Economic Impact Analysis? What Economic Sectors are Included in the Economic Impact Model? Summary of Results Economic Methodology Behavioral Economic Models What is the Economic Theory Underlying the EIM? How Is the EIM Used to Estimate Economic Impacts? EIM Data Inputs and Model Solution Market Equilibrium Conditions Compliance Costs Behavioral Parameters Economic Impact Model Structure Estimating Impacts Methods for Describing Uncertainty Appendix A: Impacts on Marine Engine Markets Appendix B: Impacts on the Equipment Markets Appendix C: Impacts on Transportation Service Markets Appendix D: Time Series of Social Costs Appendix E: Model Equations Economic Model Equations Supply Equations Demand Equations Market Equilibrium Conditions Computing With-Regulation Equilibrium Conditions within Spreadsheet Social Costs: Consumer and Producer Economic Welfare Calculations Appendix F: Elasticity Parameters for Economic Impact Modeling Appendix G: Initial Market Equilibrium - Price Forecasts Appendix H: Sensitivity Analysis Model Elasticity Parameters Fixed Cost Shift Scenario Marine Operating Cost Scenario Regulatory Alternatives Alternatives Considered Alternative: Proposed Program from the NPRM Alternative: Exclusion of Remanufacturing Standards Alternative: Elimination of Tier Alternative: Tier 4 Exclusively in Emission Inventory Impacts Methodology Analysis Summary of Results Alternative: Proposed Program from the NPRM Alternative: Exclusion of Remanufacturing Standards Alternative: Elimination of Tier Alternative: Tier 4 Exclusively in 2013