Environmental Treatment Technologies for Municipal, Industrial and Medical Wastes : Remedial Scope and Efficacy

__Environmental Treatment Technologies for Municipal, Industrial and Medical Wastes__ will provide the reader with a simple and clear path to analyze the full range of options to manage/treat any solid, hazardous, or medical waste problems/issues at hand. This book aims to disseminate information on available remediation treatment technologies to developing and developed countries. It also includes adequate information on all available treatment technologies for different types and categories of waste (hazardous, non-hazardous municipal solid waste, and medical waste). The technologies are grouped into the following categories: Containment technology; Soil washing; Thermal treatment; Vapor extraction; Bioremediation including Phytoremediation; Plasma/Incineration; Other Physical/Chemical treatments. It enlightens the effect of emissions during remediation activities on climate change and suggests measures to identify and control such emissions. It also covers the application of remote sensing technologies with examples and the impending issues of proper disinfection and disposal of COVID-19 related waste pertaining to the current pandemic. It is intended for almost anyone ― ranging from college students and early career professionals interested in environmental pollution control, to graduate students, researchers and experienced professionals. This book will: * cover several recent developments on various treatment technologies, including in situ applications and their emission/migration control methods including remote sensing technologies; deal with municipal solid waste, their treatment/disposal methods, recycling, and reuse in addition to the hazardous and medical waste management program; * assist civil/environmental engineering students and local community organizations in evaluating the impact of an industry and its associated waste produced on-site; and * cover how best to treat/manage the waste to arrive at a safe operation without impacting human health and the local environment. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Author Acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 Regulatory background 1.1.1 Waste identification and characterization 1.1.2 Recordkeeping and manifestation 1.1.3 Storage and disposal 1.1.4 Site inspection and assessment 2 Site remediation process 2.1 Overview of the general process 2.1.1 Preliminary assessment 2.1.2 Remedial investigations 2.1.3 Record of treatment selection and decision 2.1.4 Remedial design/remedial action 2.1.5 Considering climate change and health impacts of emissions during remedial actions 2.1.6 Operation and maintenance 2.1.7 Closure and post-closure care 2.2 Cost and economics of remediation 3 Treatment technologies for municipal and industrial wastes with a focus on groundwater treatment 3.1 Introduction and overview 3.2 Groundwater treatment technologies 3.2.1 Properties and behavior of VOCs 3.2.2 Properties and behavior of SVOCs 3.2.3 Properties and behavior of fuels 3.2.4 Properties and behavior of inorganics (Metals) 3.3 Treatment technologies for municipal and industrial waste – soil, sediments, and sludges 4 Containment technologies 4.1 Definition and scope of containment technologies 4.2 Specific containment technologies 4.2.1 Solidification and stabilization 4.2.2 Vertical barriers (slurry walls) and landfill covers/caps 4.3 Cross-media transfer potential and Best Management Practices/options (BMPs) 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Additional concerns and BMPs for specific containment technologies 4.4 Best management options for containment technologies to control cross-media transfers 4.5 Waste characteristics in containment technologies that are likely to cause cross-media contamination 4.6 Technical effectiveness of containment technologies 4.7 Practicability 4.8 Cost factors 4.9 Worker safety 4.10 Environmental impact 4.11 Land use 5 Soil washing 5.1 Definition and scope of soil washing 5.1.1 Key features of soil washing technology 5.2 Soil washing technology description 5.3 Air emission and public perception issues involving soil washing treatment technology 5.4 Cross- media transfer potential of soil washing technologies 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Additional concerns for soil washing technologies 5.5 Best management options for controlling cross-media transfer potential of soil washing technologies 5.6 Waste characteristics that may increase the chances of cross-media contamination in soil washing technologies 6 Thermal treatment 6.1 Definition and scope of thermal treatment 6.1.1 Key features of thermal treatment 6.2 Thermal treatment technology description 6.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of thermal treatment 6.3 Air emission and public participation issues involving thermal treatment technology 6.4 Cross-media transfer potential of thermal treatment technologies 6.4.1 General 6.4.2 Additional concerns for thermal treatment technologies 6.5 BMPs/options for controlling the cross-media transfer potential of thermal treatment technologies 6.6 Waste characteristics that may increase the chances of cross-media contamination in thermal treatments 7 Vapor extraction 7.1 Definition and scope of vapor extraction treatment 7.1.1 Key features of vapor extraction technologies 7.2 Vapor extraction technology description 7.3 Cross-media transfer potential of vapor extraction technologies 7.3.1 General 7.3.2 Additional concerns pertaining to vapor extraction technologies 7.4 Best management practices/options for controlling the cross-media transfer potential for vapor extraction technologies 7.4.1 Additional site preparation and staging BMPs 7.4.2 Additional pre-treatment activities 7.4.3 Vapor extraction treatment activities 7.4.4 Post-operation activities 7.5 Waste characteristics in vapor extraction technologies that may increase the chances of cross-media contamination 8 Bioremediation 8.1 Definition and scope of bioremediation 8.1.1 Key features of bioremediation 8.2 Bioremediation technology description 8.2.1 Solid-phase bioremediation 8.2.2 Bioventing 8.2.3 Landfarming 8.2.4 Bioreactors 8.2.5 Composting 8.2.6 In situ biodegradation 8.3 Phytoremediation 8.4 Cross-media transfer potential of bioremediation technologies 8.4.1 General 8.4.2 Additional concerns pertaining to bioremediation technologies 8.5 Best management options for controlling the cross-media transfer potential of bioremediation technologies 8.6 Waste characteristics that may increase the chances of cross-media contamination in bioremediation technologies 8.6.1 Additional BMPs for residuals management 9 Incineration treatment 9.1 Definition and scope of incineration 9.1.1 Key features of incineration (Dutta, 2002) 9.2 Incineration technology description 9.3 Air emission and public perception issues involving incineration treatment technology 9.3.1 Example project summary (State of Washington) 9.4 Cross-media transfer potential of incineration technologies 9.4.1 General 9.4.2 Additional concerns for incineration technologies 9.5 Best Management Practices/options (BMPs) for incineration technologies to avoid potential cross-media transfer of contaminants 9.6 Waste characteristics in incineration technologies that may increase the chances of cross-media contamination 10 Other physical/chemical treatments 10.1 Definition and scope of other physical and chemical treatment 10.2 In situ radio frequency heating 10.2.1 Definition and scope of in situ RF heating 10.2.2 In situ RF heating technology description 10.2.3 Cross-media transfer potential of in situ RF heating 10.2.4 Best management options for controlling the cross-media transfer potential of in situ RF heating 10.2.5 Waste characteristics that may increase the chances of cross-media contamination in any in situ RF heating 10.3 In situ vitrification 10.3.1 Definition and scope of in situ vitrification (ISV) 10.3.2 In situ vitrification technology description 10.3.3 Cross-media transfer potential of ISV 10.3.4 Best management practices/options for controlling cross-media transfers during ISV 10.3.5 Waste characteristics that may increase the likelihood of cross-media contamination for ISV technologies 10.4 In situ soil flushing 10.4.1 Definition and scope of in situ soil flushing 10.4.2 In situ soil flushing technology description 10.4.3 Cross-media transfer potential of in situ soil flushing 10.4.4 Best management practices/options for controlling cross-media transfers during in situ soil flushing 10.4.5 Waste characteristics that may increase the likelihood of cross-media contamination for in situ soil flushing technologies 10.5 Solidification and stabilization 10.5.1 Definition and scope of solidification/stabilization 10.5.2 Solidification and stabilization technology description 10.5.3 Cross-media transfer potential of solidification/stabilization 10.5.4 Best management practices/options for controlling cross-media transfers during stabilization/solidification 10.5.5 Waste characteristics that may increase the chances of cross-media contamination for solidification and stabilization technologies 10.6 Excavation and off-site disposal 10.6.1 Definition and scope of excavation and off-site disposal 10.6.2 Excavation and off-site disposal technology description 10.6.3 Cross-media transfer potential of excavation and off-site disposal 10.6.4 Best management options for controlling the cross-media transfer potential of excavation and off-site disposal 10.6.5 Waste characteristics that may increase the likelihood of cross-media contamination for excavation and off-site disposal technologies 11 Case studies of treatment technologies 11.1 Scope of case studies of treatment technologies 11.2 Soil washing/soil leaching to treat metals contaminated soil at an army ammunition plant in Minnesota (Site 1) 11.2.1 Description of site remediation activities 11.2.2 BMPs used to prevent the cross-media transfer of pollutants 11.2.3 Views and discussion 11.3 In situ chemical-based stabilization of petroleum-contaminated soil at a refinery in Minnesota (Site 2) 11.3.1 Description of site remediation activities 11.3.2 BMPs used to prevent the cross-media transfer of pollutants 11.3.3 Views and discussion 11.4 Stabilization and disposal of lead-contaminated soils at a closed battery manufacturing facility in Virginia (Site 3) 11.4.1 Description of site remediation activities 11.4.2 BMPs used to prevent the cross-media transfer of pollutants 11.4.3 Views and discussion 11.5 Particle size separation and soil washing at a site previously used for ammunition testing and disposal in Connecticut (Site 4) 11.5.1 Description of site remediation activities 11.5.2 BMPs used to prevent the cross-media transfer of pollutants 11.5.3 Views and discussion 11.6 Soil vapor extraction of solvents at a closed electronic component manufacturing facility in Maine (Site 5) 11.6.1 Description of site remediation activities 11.6.2 BMPs used to prevent the cross-media transfer of pollutants 11.6.3 Views and discussion 11.7 On-site containment of soils in former manufacturing areas at a chromium plant, Maryland (Site 6) 11.7.1 Description of site remediation activities 11.7.2 BMPs used to prevent the cross-media transfer of pollutants 11.7.3 Views and discussion 11.8 Ex situ bioremediation of explosives contaminated soils at a dod facility in Virginia (Site 7) 11.8.1 Description of site remediation activities 11.8.2 BMPs used to prevent the cross-media transfer of pollutants 11.8.3 Views and discussion 11.9 Groundwater sparging at Amcor Precast in Ogden, Utah (Site 8) 11.9.1 Description of site remediation activities 11.9.2 Remedial efficacy, cleanup goal, and other factors 11.10 Thermal desorption at the Arlington Blending and Packaging Superfund site, Arlington, Tennessee (Site 9) 11.10.1 Description of site remediation activities 11.10.2 Remedial efficacy, cleanup goal, and other factors 11.11 In situ bioremediation using molasses injection at the Avco Lycoming Superfund site, Williamsport, Pennsylvania (Site 10) 11.11.1 Description of site remediation activities 11.11.2 Remedial efficacy, cleanup goal, and other factors 11.12 Comparison of case studies on BMPs used versus the recommended BMPs (USEPA, 1997) 12 Common activities during cleanup operations 12.1 General cross-media transfer potentials for various treatment technologies 12.2 General BMPs for soils treatment technologies 12.2.1 Site preparation and staging 12.2.2 Pretreatment activities 12.2.3 Treatment activities 12.2.4 Post-treatment activities/residuals management 13 Monitoring and control of cross-media transfer of contaminants during cleanup activities 13.1 Available monitoring and control technologies 13.1.1 Remote sensing technologies for monitoring and control of site remediation activities 13.2 Relative costs of implementing, monitoring and control technologies (BMPs) 14 Treatment options for medical waste 14.1 Composition of medical waste 14.2 Waste management for COVID-19 pandemic 14.2.1 Disinfection and disposal of COVID-19-related waste 14.3 Medical waste identification and profile 14.3.1 Quantum of medical waste 14.3.2 Categorization of medical waste 14.3.3 Impact of waste categorization on waste management 14.4 Medical waste minimization options 14.4.1 Management and control practices 14.5 Treatment options for medical wastes 14.5.1 Short wave radio frequency (RF) treatment 14.5.2 Chemical/mechanical treatment 14.5.3 Steam autoclave treatment 14.5.4 Microwave treatment 14.5.5 Incineration treatment 14.6 Evaluation and selection of treatment options for medical wastes 14.6.1 Key factors for effective treatment of medical waste Subject Index "The purpose of this book is to disseminate information on available remediation treatment technologies to developing and developed countries. It provides details on various waste treatment technologies for hazardous and medical wastes. It will provide the reader with a simple and clear path to analyzing the full range of options to manage/treat any solid, hazardous, or medical waste problems/issues at hand. It should help the reader to first identify what type of waste they are dealing with and the site remediation process as a whole to appropriately resolve the situation. This book is intended for almost anyone involved in environmental pollution control"-- Provided by publisher Environmental Treatment Technologies for Municipal, Industrial and Medical Wastes will provide the reader with a simple and clear path to analyzing the full range of options to manage/treat any solid, hazardous, or medical waste problems/issues at hand.