Environmental technology and sustainability : physical, chemical and biological technologies for clean environmental management ǂc Basanta Kumara Behera, Ram Prasad

__Environmental Technology and Sustainability: Physical, Chemical and Biological Technologies for Clean Environmental Management__ provides a dependable source of information on the fundamental scientific evidence involved in environmental protection and sustainable development. The book provides the basic natural sciences that underpin the understanding, development and application of environment technologies that support a clean inhabitable world that includes environmental technologies and sustainable, renewable energy systems. It considers the science and technology for environmental benefits, including the development of both smarter, cleaner technologies for environmental protection, conservation, and more. Cover Title Front-matter Environmental Technology and Sustainability Environmental Technology and Sustainability Copyright_2020_Environmental-Technology-and-Sustainability Copyright Contents_2020_Environmental-Technology-and-Sustainability Contents 1 1 Conceptual development for a clean environment Abbreviation 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 From the Rio Earth Summit to Earth Day 1.1.1.1 Conceptual development of summit 1.1.1.1.1 Convention on Biological Diversity 1.1.1.2 Framework Convention on Climate Changes 1.1.1.2.1 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 1.1.2 Earth Day 1.1.3 Data generation, compiling, and application for environmental studies 1.1.3.1 Filling the environmental policy gaps 1.1.3.2 Filling the gap in improving air quality development 1.1.3.3 Filling the gaps in monitoring marine pollution 1.1.3.4 Filling the gaps in restoration of biodiversity 1.1.4 Developing a binding framework of environmental principles 1.1.4.1 Environmental governance tools 1.1.5 Global climate change regime 1.1.6 Imposing liability for environmental damage 1.1.6.1 Types of liability for environmental damage 1.1.6.1.1 Fault liability 1.1.6.1.2 Absolute liability 1.1.7 The laws of environmental liability 1.1.8 Environmental restoration and remediation 1.1.8.1 Environmental restoration 1.1.8.2 Ecological restoration 1.1.9 Environmental remediation 1.1.9.1 Tools and techniques used in environmental remediation 1.1.9.1.1 Soil remediation types and techniques 1.1.9.1.2 Contaminated water remediation 1.1.9.1.3 Conventional raw water treatment 1.1.10 Environmental management and green economy 1.1.10.1 Pillars for green economy success 1.1.10.2 Green Economy Index 1.1.10.3 Green energy for green economy References 2 2 Greenhouse gas capture and conversion 2.1 Greenhouse gases and global warming 2.1.1 History 2.1.2 Sources of greenhouse gases 2.1.2.1 Transport systems 2.1.2.2 Electricity production as a source of greenhouse gas 2.1.2.3 Dairy farming as a source of greenhouse gas 2.1.3 Carbon capture, utilization, and storage 2.1.3.1 Carbon sequestration process 2.1.3.1.1 Biological process Azolla filiculoides as carbon capture biological system Marine algae as a source of alternate fuel Agriculture Forestry residues 2.1.3.1.2 Chemical technology for carbon capture Methods for carbon-neutral fuel Synthetic hydrocarbon from flue gas 2.1.4 Commercialization of carbon capturing process 2.1.5 Greenhouse gas separation 2.1.5.1 Carbon dioxide separation methods 2.1.5.1.1 Absorption Nature of solvent Adsorption 2.1.5.1.2 Physical adsorption 2.1.6 Different cycle for CO2 adsorption 2.1.6.1 Cryogenic distillation 2.1.6.2 Membrane separation 2.1.6.2.1 Inorganic membrane 2.1.6.3 Polymeric membrane 2.1.6.4 Mixed matrix membrane 2.1.6.5 Hollow fiber membrane References 3 3 Aqueous-phase conservation and management 3.1 Water coverage Earth’s surface 3.1.1 Rivers, lakes, and brackish systems 3.1.2 Marine systems 3.1.3 Water quality control 3.1.3.1 Brine treatment 3.1.3.2 Solid removal technology 3.1.3.3 Removal of oil spills and grease from contaminated water 3.1.3.3.1 How oil spills interact with waterbodies 3.1.3.3.2 Damage caused by oil spills 3.1.3.3.3 Bacteria and archaea for oil spill remediation 3.1.3.3.4 Hydrocarbon-degrading fungi Oil spill degrading algae and cyanobacteria 3.1.3.3.5 Mechanisms of oil spill bioremediation 3.1.3.4 Sewage wastewater treatment 3.1.3.4.1 Primary treatment 3.1.3.4.2 Secondary treatment of sewage water 3.1.3.4.3 Tertiary treatment 3.1.3.5 Removal of biodegradable organic wastes 3.1.3.6 Removal of other organic materials from wastewater 3.1.4 Water pollution control regulation 3.1.5 Sustainable energy management from waterbodies 3.1.5.1 Microbial fuel cell technology for energy from wastewater 3.1.5.2 Microbiology of fuel cells 3.1.5.2.1 Types of microbes in microbial fuel cells 3.1.5.2.2 Bacterial metabolism and electron transfer in microbial fuel cells 3.1.5.2.3 Factors affecting electricity generation 3.1.5.2.4 Power generation in microbial fuel cells 3.1.5.2.5 Types of microbial fuel cells Double-chamber microbial fuel cells Single-chamber microbial fuel cells Up flow–style microbial fuel cells Stacked microbial fuel cell The plant microbial fuel cell Tubular microbial fuel cell 3.1.5.3 Components of a microbial fuel cell 3.1.5.3.1 Anode 3.1.5.3.2 Cathode 3.1.5.3.3 Proton exchange membrane 3.1.6 Applications of microbial fuel cell technology 3.1.6.1 Wastewater treatment 3.1.6.2 Microbial fuel cell for landfill 3.1.6.3 Generation of electricity directly from plants 3.1.6.4 Biological oxygen demand sensing 3.1.7 Hydrogen production 3.1.8 Marine microalgae for carbon sequestration or sink 3.2 Conclusion References 4 4 Strategies for soil management 4.1 Major soil pollutants 4.1.1 Manmade 4.1.2 Natural causes of soil pollutants 4.2 Soil quality management 4.2.1 Moisture 4.2.2 Enhance organic matter 4.2.3 Avoid excessive tillage 4.2.4 Manage pests and nutrients efficiency 4.2.5 Prevent soil compaction 4.2.6 Coverage of ground 4.2.7 Diversity management by multiple cropping 4.3 Control of soil pollution 4.3.1 Nanoremediation for contaminated soil 4.3.2 Immobilization techniques 4.3.2.1 Solidification 4.3.2.2 In situ vitrification for soil remediation 4.3.2.2.1 In situ vitrification 4.3.2.2.2 Ex situ vitrification 4.3.3 Soil washing 4.4 Regulatory aspects of soil pollution control 4.4.1 International law for soil protection 4.4.2 European law 4.4.3 National law 4.4.4 Building law and regional planning law 4.4.5 Close Cycle Management Act 4.4.6 Nature conservation law References 5 5 Air pollution and controlling measures 5.1 Atmosphere as a primary sink of air pollutants 5.1.1 The troposphere 5.1.2 The stratosphere 5.1.3 Mesosphere 5.1.4 The thermosphere 5.2 Air pollutants 5.2.1 Types of air pollutants 5.2.2 Suspended particulate matter 5.2.3 Gaseous pollutants 5.2.3.1 China 5.2.3.2 United States 5.2.3.3 India 5.2.3.4 Sulfur oxide 5.2.3.5 Nitrogen oxides 5.2.3.6 Carbon monoxide 5.2.3.7 Volatile organic compounds 5.2.3.8 Fluoride 5.2.3.9 Chlorine 5.2.3.10 Hydrogen chloride 5.2.3.11 Ammonia 5.2.4 Secondary pollutants 5.2.5 Odors 5.3 Clean air implementation 5.3.1 Particulate matter 5.3.1.1 Ozone 5.3.1.2 Nitrogen dioxide 5.3.1.3 Sulfur dioxide 5.4 Regulation of air pollution 5.4.1 European Union 5.4.2 Australia 5.4.3 Brazil 5.4.4 Canada 5.4.5 China 5.4.6 India 5.4.7 France 5.4.8 United States 5.4.9 Israel 5.4.10 Japan 5.4.11 South Africa 5.4.12 Switzerland 5.4.13 The United Kingdom 5.5 Air pollution control measures 5.5.1 Control of particulates 5.5.1.1 Wet industrial scrubber 5.5.1.2 Dry industrial scrubber 5.5.1.3 Electrostatic precipitators 5.5.2 Biological treatment of air pollution 5.5.2.1 Trickling-filter scrubbers References Index Index Back Cover Environmental Technology and Sustainability: Physical, Chemical and Biological Technologies for Clean Environmental Management provides a dependable source of information on the fundamental scientific evidence involved in environmental protection and sustainable development. The book provides the basic natural sciences that underpin the understanding, development and application of environment technologies that support a clean inhabitable world that includes environmental technologies and sustainable, renewable energy systems. It considers the science and technology for environmental benefits, including the development of both smarter, cleaner technologies for environmental protection, conservation, and more. Provides methods and processes for CO2 Sequestration Focuses on technologies for reducing greenhouse gases and for biofuel production Outlines issues surrounding contaminated water and provides solutions for water management Describes problems facing air pollution, including sources and mitigation Includes contaminated soil management