Environmental Nanotechnology Volume 5 (Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World Book 37)

This book presents comprehensive reviews on the latest developments of nanotechnologies to detect and remove pollutants in water, air and food. Polymer nanocomposites, nanoparticles from microbes and the application of nanotechnologies for desalination and agriculture are also discussed. Pollution of water and air by contaminants and diseases is a major health issue leading globally to millions of deaths yearly according to the World Health Organization. Such issue requires advanced methods to clean environmental media. Preface Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Nanocellulose-Based Materials for Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of Nanocellulose 1.2.1 Cellulose Nanocrystalline (CNC) 1.2.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) 1.2.3 Bacteria Nanocellulose (BNC) 1.3 Properties of Nanocellulose 1.4 Preparation of Nanocellulose 1.5 Modification of Nanocellulose-Based Materials 1.5.1 Acid Hydrolysis 1.5.2 Oxidation 1.5.3 Esterification and Acetylation 1.6 Application of Nanocellulose-Based Materials for Heavy Metal Removal 1.7 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Visible-Light-Responsive Heterostructured Nanophotocatalysts for Organic Pollutants Decomposition 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Advantages of Heterostructured Nanophotocatalysts for Visible-Light Photocatalysis 2.3 Defect Engineering and Doping of Semiconductors for Photocatalysis 2.3.1 Surface Defect Engineering 2.3.2 Doping 2.4 Nanostructured Binary Heterogeneous Semiconductor for Photocatalysis 2.4.1 Plasmonic Photocatalysts 2.4.2 Semiconductor-Semiconductor Heterojunctions 2.4.3 π-Conjugated Structure Modified Heterogeneous Composite 2.5 Metal-Free Semiconductor Heterogeneous Nanocomposite Structural Photocatalysts 2.5.1 Modification of g-C3N4 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity 2.5.2 Nonmetal Doped g-C3N4 Nanostructures 2.5.3 Coupling g-C3N4 with Carbon Nanomaterials 2.6 Visible-Light Photocatalysis with Heterogeneous Hollow and Porous Nanomaterials 2.6.1 Single-Phase Hollow Nanostructures 2.6.2 Modification of Hollow Nanostructures 2.6.3 Multiple-Shell and Core-Shell Hollow Nanostructures 2.7 Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 3: Conductive Polymer Nanobiosensors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 What Is a Polymer? 3.3 Classification 3.3.1 Conducting Polymers 3.3.2 Non-conducting Polymers 3.4 Polymer Synthesis 3.4.1 Biological Synthesis 3.4.2 Laboratory Synthesis 3.5 Applications 3.6 Conductors in Sensors 3.7 Conducting Polymers 3.7.1 Polypyrrole 3.7.2 Polyaniline 3.7.3 Poly(3,4-Ethylene Dioxythiophene) 3.8 Working of Conductive Polymer Based Nanobiosensors 3.8.1 FET Based Sensor 3.8.2 Amperometric Biosensor 3.8.3 Potentiometric Biosensor 3.8.4 Electrochemical Biosensor 3.8.5 Optical Biosensor 3.8.6 Mems/NEMS Based Biosensor 3.8.7 Magnetoresistive Biosensors 3.8.8 Physical Adsorption Based Biosensor 3.8.9 Entrapment Based Biosensor 3.8.10 Cross-Linking Based Biosensor 3.8.11 Covalent Bonding Based Biosensor 3.9 Conducting Polymer Nanobiosensors 3.9.1 Bioelectronic Noses and Tongues 3.9.2 Aptasensors 3.9.3 Immunosensors 3.9.4 H2O2 Biosensors 3.9.5 Glucose Biosensors 3.10 Blended Conductive Polymers as Nanobiosensors 3.11 Devices Based on Polymer Nanobiosensors 3.12 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Fabrication and Potential Applications of Nanoporous Membranes for Separation Processes 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Porous Monatomic Layers 4.1.2 Nano-Sized Tubules Arrays 4.1.3 Self-Assembled Lamellar Thin Films 4.1.4 Unique Fabrication Methods for Nanoporous Membranes 4.1.4.1 Fabrication of Nanoporous Membranes with Photocatalytic Titania Coatings 4.1.4.2 Fabrication of Nanoporous Membranes Through Chemical Vapour Deposition 4.1.4.3 Fabrication of Nanoporous Membranes by In-Situ Polymerization 4.1.4.4 Fabrication of Freestanding Porous Polymer Membranes Using Nanosphere Lithography 4.1.5 Theoretical Modeling and Simulations of Nanoporous Membranes 4.1.6 Potential Applications of Nanoporous Membranes 4.1.6.1 Potential Application of Nanoporous Membranes in Water Treatment Potential Application of Nanoporous Membranes in Organics Purification 4.1.6.2 Potential Application of Nanoporous Membranes in Gas Separation 4.1.6.3 Potential Application of Nanoporous Membranes in Biomedical and Biochemical Separation 4.2 Membrane Fouling 4.2.1 Mitigation of Nanoporous Membrane Fouling 4.2.1.1 Surface Coating Method 4.2.1.2 Surface Grafting Modification Method 4.2.2 Prediction of Fouling in Nanoporous Membranes 4.2.2.1 Pore Blocking Filtration Model 4.2.2.2 Concentration Polarization Model 4.2.2.3 Cake Formation Model 4.3 Energy Usage and Greenhouse Emission 4.3.1 The Role of Membranes in the Sustainability of Energy and Water 4.4 Climate Change Challenge 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Nanomaterials for Effective Control of Algal Blooms in Water 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Removal of Phosphate by Nano-materials in Water 5.2.1 Removal of Phosphate by Nanosized La-Based Adsorbents 5.2.1.1 Preparation and Mechanism of Nanosized La-Based Adsorbents Preparation of Nanosized La-Based Adsorbents 5.2.1.2 Mechanism of Phosphorus Adsorption 5.2.2 Influence Factors of Phosphate Removal by Nanosized La-Based Adsorbents 5.2.2.1 Effect of the P/La Value 5.2.2.2 Effect of pH Value 5.2.2.3 Effect of Coexisting Anions 5.2.2.4 Effect of Temperature 5.2.2.5 Adsorption–Desorption Cycle 5.3 Removal of Harmful Algae by Nano-photocatalysts in Water 5.3.1 Nano-photocatalysts 5.3.2 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Removal of Algae 5.4 Removal of Microcystins in Water 5.4.1 Doped TiO2 Nano-pholocatalyst 5.4.2 Photodegradation Mechanism of Photocatalyst 5.4.3 Nanosized Adsorbents 5.4.4 Other Combined Means 5.5 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Nanotechnological Developments in Nanofiber-Based Membranes Used for Water Treatment Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Membrane Filtration Process 6.2.1 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 6.2.2 Nanofiltration 6.2.3 Osmosis Based Membranes 6.2.4 Membrane Distillation 6.3 Nanofiber-Based Membranes and Applications 6.3.1 Patents and Commercial Applications for Nanofiber-Based Membranes 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Fe-Based Nanomaterials for Removing the Environmental Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water: A Review 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Environmental Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EEDs) 7.1.2 Fe-Based Nanomaterials 7.2 Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron and Its Composites 7.2.1 Preparation and Characterization 7.2.1.1 Preparation of nZVI 7.2.1.2 Characterization of nZVI 7.2.2 Role in Removal of EEDs 7.2.2.1 Pristine nZVI System 7.2.2.2 nZVI/H2O2 System 7.2.2.3 Other nZVI Heterogeneous Catalytic Systems 7.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Composites 7.3.1 Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Their Composites 7.3.1.1 Preparation and Characterization 7.3.1.2 Acting as an Adsorbent 7.3.1.3 Acting as a Heterogeneous Catalyst/Carrier 7.3.2 Fe2O3 Nanoparticles and their Composites 7.3.2.1 Preparation and Characterization 7.3.2.2 Acting as a Heterogeneous Photocatalyst 7.4 Other Novel Fe-Based Nanomaterials 7.5 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Plasmonics, Vibrational Nanospectroscopy and Polymers 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Plasmon Based Photo-Polimerization 8.3 Vibrational Spectroscopies and Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Applied to Polymers 8.4 Industrial Impact of Polymer Plasmonics and Raman Nanospectroscopy 8.5 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Phyto-Nanosensors: Advancement of Phytochemicals as an Electrochemical Platform for Various Biomedical Applications 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 History 9.1.2 Overview of Phytochemicals 9.2 Electrochemical Aspects of Phytonutrients 9.2.1 Use of Different Electrochemical Techniques 9.2.2 Redox Behavior and Other Study Constraints 9.2.3 Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Compounds 9.3 Developments in Field of Electro-Profiling of Phytochemicals and Suitability in Real Life 9.4 Challenges 9.5 Future Aspects and Recommendations 9.6 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Nano-Adsorbents in Wastewater Treatment for Phosphate and Nitrate Removal 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Nitrate and Phosphate Treatment Options 10.3 Key Factors of Nitrate and Phosphate Adsorption 10.4 Progress of Nano-Adsorbents for Nitrate and Phosphate 10.4.1 Carbon-Based Nano-Adsorbent 10.4.1.1 Activated Carbon 10.4.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 10.4.1.3 Graphene 10.4.2 Metal-Based Nano-Adsorbent 10.4.2.1 Metal Oxides/Hydroxides 10.4.2.2 Magnetic Composite 10.4.3 Polymer-Based Nano-Adsorbent 10.4.4 Silica-Based Nano-Adsorbent 10.4.5 Metal-Organic Framework Nano-Adsorbent 10.5 Recent Patents and Applications of Nano-Adsorbents 10.6 Future Outlooks and Conclusion References