Environmental mechanics : water, mass, and energy transfer in the biosphere : the Philip volume

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series . Modern theories of mass and heat transfer in the biosphere, based on notions of a soil-plant-atmosphere thermodynamic continuum focused on water, were generally formulated by the mid-20th century. They tended to be reductionist and flow equations combined macroscopic laws of flow and of material and energy balance. They were difficult to solve because material transfer properties tend to be strongly related to the local concentration of an entity of concern, to the location, or to both. The architecture of the soil and the plant canopy also complicated their formulation, the scale of their application and their test. Content: Title Page ......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 CONTENTS......Page 5 John Robert Philip AO FAA FRS......Page 7 Preface ......Page 9 CD-ROM Information ......Page 10 1. Introduction......Page 11 2.1. Formulation of the Theory......Page 12 2.2. Classes of Soils......Page 13 2.3. Characterization of Soils and Monitoring of Processes......Page 14 3.2. Green and Ampt or Delta Function Soils......Page 15 3.4. Approximate Methods Involving Integral Constraints......Page 16 3.5. Solutions for the Class of Brooks and Corey or Power Function Soils......Page 17 3.6. Solutions for the Class of Gardner Soils: Quasilinear Analysis of Multi-dimensional Steady Flows......Page 18 3.8. Numerical Solutions of Flow Problems......Page 19 4.2. Simultaneous Transport of Water and Heat......Page 20 4.3. Flow of Water in Soils Subject to Swelling-Shrinkage......Page 21 4.5. Flow and Transport Processes at Various Scales in Space and Time......Page 24 5. Micrometeorology and Physical Ecology......Page 26 6. Challenges for Environmental Mechanics......Page 29 References......Page 30 Getting It Right......Page 39 A Young Editor Meets a Giant ......Page 40 1995 AGU History of Hydrology Interview ......Page 41 References......Page 43 2.1. The Scope of his Research......Page 44 3.1. The Simplification Tradition......Page 45 3.3. Rigorous Analysis and Review......Page 46 4.2. Simplifying the Infiltration Problem......Page 47 4.3. General Asymptotic Solutions......Page 48 4.4. Special Analytical Solutions......Page 49 5.3. Two- and Three-Dimensional Problems......Page 50 5.4. Non-Homogenous Stable Soils......Page 51 6. Concluding Remarks......Page 52 References......Page 53 2. Introduction......Page 55 3.2 Falling Head......Page 56 3.3 Sequential Constant Head 1/Constant Head 2 ......Page 57 4.1 Constant Head......Page 58 5. Laboratory Tests......Page 59 6. Concluding Remarks......Page 60 References......Page 61 Introduction......Page 62 The Problem......Page 63 The Solution......Page 64 Discussion and Application of Solution ......Page 67 References......Page 69 1. Introduction......Page 71 2.1. Pressure Head Distributions for Absorption......Page 72 2.3. Comparison of Infiltration With Two Hydraulic Functions......Page 73 3. Summary and Conclusions......Page 74 References......Page 76 1. Introduction......Page 77 2. Vertical Flow to a Water Table ......Page 78 4. Conformal Mapping Solution......Page 79 8. Maximum Width of Cavity ......Page 81 9. Discussion......Page 83 References......Page 84 Early Work......Page 85 Analysis......Page 88 Conclusion......Page 89 References......Page 90 Introduction......Page 92 Problem Definition......Page 93 Moment Equations......Page 94 Perturbation analysis......Page 95 Analytical solution in one dimension......Page 96 Results and Comparison with Monte Carlo Simulations......Page 98 References......Page 99 1. Introduction......Page 100 2.1 The Water Retention Curves......Page 101 2.2 The Overburden Potential......Page 103 2.3 The Groenevelt-Bolt Equation of State......Page 105 3. Matristatics ......Page 106 3.2 Dry end of Shrinkage Curves......Page 107 3.3 Matristatics of Talsma's Clay Paste......Page 108 References......Page 109 1. Introduction......Page 111 2. Flow in Swelling Material......Page 112 2.1. Flow Laws in Swelling Materials......Page 113 2.2. Physically Based Simplifications of Theory......Page 114 2.3. General Comments......Page 116 3.1. Dispersion and Reaction During Soil Water Absorption......Page 117 3.2. Dispersion and Reaction During Desorption FromClay......Page 119 4. Concluding Remarks......Page 120 Notation......Page 121 References......Page 122 1. Introduction......Page 125 2.1 Matric Potential Profiles......Page 126 2.2 Moisture Content Profiles in Material Space......Page 128 2.3 Consolidation and the Relation between Physical and Material Coordinates......Page 129 2.4 Moisture Content Profiles in Physical Space......Page 130 3. Electrolyte Consolidation of Swelling Soils......Page 131 4. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 133 References......Page 134 1. Introduction......Page 136 2. Flow Model......Page 137 3.2. Finite Pulse......Page 140 3.4.. Multiple Cycles......Page 141 4-1. Mean Water Content......Page 142 4-2. Transport of an Instantaneous Pulse ......Page 143 Appendix A: Derivation of Z{t Forconservative Solute ......Page 144 Appendix C: Derivation of the Mean Solute Concentration for Instantaneous Input ......Page 145 References......Page 146 1. Introduction......Page 148 2. Solute Transport Equations......Page 149 3. Algebraic Techniques Forsymmetry Reduction ......Page 150 4. Symmetry Reductions of Solute Transport Equations ......Page 151 5. Invariant Non-Radial Solutions ......Page 152 6. Conclusions......Page 154 References......Page 155 1. Introduction......Page 157 1.1. Stability of the Equilibrium Saline Boundary Layer ......Page 158 2. Problem Formulation......Page 159 3.1. Perturbation Equations......Page 160 3.2. Variational Energy Method......Page 161 3.3. Linearised Stability......Page 164 4.1. The Numerical Method......Page 165 4.2. Stability Criterion......Page 166 5. Discussion and Conclusions ......Page 167 Appendix A......Page 170 References......Page 171 2.1 Crude Oil/Brine/Rock Systems ......Page 172 3.1 Brine/Rock Interactions ......Page 173 3.2 Brine/Oil Interactions ......Page 176 3.3 Oil/Rock/Brine Interactions ......Page 177 References......Page 179 1. Introduction......Page 181 2.2. Darcy-Buckingham Equation ......Page 182 2.3. Soil Hydraulic Properties and Multi-Dimensional Flows ......Page 183 3.1. Analysis of Deformation and Motion ......Page 185 3.2. Vector Fields, Vector Lines, and Vector Tubes ......Page 186 4.1. Three-Dimensional Flows ......Page 187 4.2. Two-Dimensional Plane Flows ......Page 189 4.3. One-Dimensional Flows ......Page 191 5.1. Rotationality of Flow of Soil Water ......Page 192 5.2. Scalar Potentials and Distance Functions ......Page 193 References......Page 194 1. Introduction......Page 198 2. The Phenomenon......Page 199 3.1. Water Expansion......Page 203 3.2. Trapped Air Bubbles......Page 204 3.3. Solutes......Page 205 3.4. Contact Angles......Page 207 4. Concluding Remarks......Page 209 References......Page 210 Soil Water Hysteresis Prediction Model Based on Theory and Geometric Scaling ......Page 212 1. Introduction......Page 213 2. Theory......Page 214 2.1. Hysteresis Model......Page 215 4. Material and Test Criteria ......Page 225 5.1. Quality of Experimental Soil Data ......Page 227 5.2. Scanning Order......Page 229 5.3. Shape Parameters......Page 231 5.4. Pressure Head Scale Parameters......Page 232 5.5. Water Content Scale Parameters......Page 235 6. Limitations on the Use of the Model ......Page 238 7. Conclusions......Page 239 8. Appendix......Page 240 9. Parameter Notation......Page 241 References......Page 243 Introduction......Page 246 Nonstationary Soil Properties......Page 248 Analysis of Process Scales ......Page 249 Scaling Across Spatial Scales......Page 250 Examples of Scaling Applicatons Across Spatial Scales ......Page 251 Soil Core Scale......Page 252 Field Plot and Field Scale ......Page 253 Concluding Remarks......Page 254 References......Page 255 1. Introduction......Page 258 2.3. Evaluation of Infiltration Tests ......Page 259 3.1. PDF of Sorptivity ......Page 260 4. Conclusions......Page 261 References......Page 262 1. Introduction......Page 263 2. The Problem Demonstration......Page 264 3. Infiltration Outflow Experiment......Page 265 4. Computer Tomography......Page 266 5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 267 7. Conclusion......Page 270 References......Page 271 Introduction......Page 273 Governing Equation......Page 274 Character of the Solutions ......Page 275 Relationships for Time to Temperature Maxima ......Page 276 Heat Capacity Error Analysis......Page 277 Error in Heat Capacity ......Page 278 Error in Water Content ......Page 279 References......Page 280 1. Introduction......Page 282 2. Governing Equations......Page 283 3. Complex Surfaces......Page 285 4.1. Local Advection: Yhe Wind Field......Page 286 4.2. Local Advection: Surface Stress......Page 288 4.4 Patchwork Surfaces......Page 289 5. Topography......Page 291 5.1 Drag Force on Isolated Hills ......Page 294 5.2 Effective Roughness Length of Hilly Terrain ......Page 295 References......Page 296 1. Introduction......Page 298 2.1. Equation of Motion ......Page 300 3.1. Fluid Elements......Page 302 4. The Covariance Function and Time Scalefor the Fluid Velocity Along a Heavy Particle Trajectory ......Page 303 4.1. The Covariance Function R甀瀀aa琀......Page 304 4.3. The Time Scale Tfα and the Length Scale L5 ......Page 305 4.4. Character of the Solution ......Page 306 5.2. Flow Fields......Page 308 5.3. Particle Dispersion Measurements......Page 310 6.1. Parameter Values......Page 311 References......Page 312 Introduction......Page 314 Theory for Time- Varying Diffusivity ......Page 315 Results......Page 317 Concluding Discussions......Page 320 References......Page 322 Introduction......Page 323 History......Page 324 Current Problem......Page 325 First Problem of Cohesion Theory ......Page 326 Third Problem of Cohesion Theory ......Page 327 Pressure Probe Measurements......Page 328 References......Page 329 1. Introduction......Page 332 2.2. Measurements......Page 333 3.2. Grove-Scale Modelling and Crop Factors......Page 335 4. Temporal Risk Assessment......Page 337 5. Spatial Risk Assessment......Page 339 References......Page 340 Machine Generated Contents Note: Dedication To John Robert Philip Ao Faa Frs -- The Editors -- Preface -- The Editors -- Introduction -- Contributions To Environmental Mechanics: Introduction -- P A. C. Raats, D. E. Smiles, And A. W. Warrick -- John Philip -- A Convergence Of Paths That Culminated In John Philip's 1995 Video Recorded History Of Hydrology Interview -- Stephen ]. Burges -- Simplification Plus Rigorous Analysis: The Modus Operandi Of John Philip -- James C. I. Dooge -- Infiltration Theory -- Infiltration Under Constant Head And Falling Head Conditions -- D. E. Elrick, R. Angulo-jaramillo, D. Fallow, W. D. Reynolds, And G. W. Parkin -- Capillary Rise Of Water Into Soil As Described By A Solution Of Burgers' Equation -- D. Swartzendruber -- Effect Of Gravity And Model Characteristics On Steady Infiltration From Spheroids -- A. W. Warrick And Dani Or -- The Seepage Exclusion Problem For Tunnel Cavities In The Saturated Capillary Fringe -- E. G. Youngs --^ Column Flow In Stratified Soils And Fingers In Hele-shaw Cells: A Review -- J.-yves Parlange, Tammo S. Steenhuis, Ling Li, D. A. Barry, And Frank Stagnitti -- Wetting Front Evolution In Randomly Heterogeneous Soils -- Alexandre M. Tartakovsky, Shlomo P Neuman, And Daniel M. Tartakovsky -- Swelling Soils And Solute Transport -- On Hydrostatics And Matristatics Of Swelling Soils -- C. D. Grant, P H. Groenevelt, And G. H. Bolt -- Water And Solute Transfer In Porous Media -- David E. Smiles -- Equilibrium Moisture Profiles In Consolidating, Sulfidic, Coastal Clay Soils -- Lan White -- Solute Transport In Infiltration-redistribution Cycles In Heterogeneous Soils -- S. C. Lessoff, P Indelman, And G. Dagan -- Analytical Solutions For Two-dimensional Solute Transport With Velocity-dependent Dispersion -- Philip Broadbridge, R. Joel Moitsheki, And Maureen P Edwards -- Stability Criteria For The Vertical Boundary Layer Formed By Throughflow Near The Surface Of A Porous Medium --^ C. J. Van Duijn, G. J. M. Pieters, R. A. Wooding And A. Van Der Ploeg -- Injection Of Dilute Brine And Crude Oil/brine/rock Interactions -- Guoqing Tang And Norman R. Morrow -- General Aspects Of Water Flow In Soils -- Multidimensional Flow Of Water In Unsaturated Soils -- P. A. C. Raats -- Effect Of Temperature On Capillary Pressure -- Steven A. Grant And Jbrg Bachmann -- Soil Water Hysteresis Prediction Model Based On Theory And Geometric Scaling -- Randel Haverkamp, Paolo Reggiani, Peterj. Ross, Andjean-yves Parlange -- How Useful Are Small-scale Soil Hydraulic Property Measurements For Large-scale Vadose Zone Modeling? -- Jan W. Hopmans, Don R. Nielsen, And Keith L. Bristow -- The Role Of Estimation Error In Probability Density Function Of Soil Hydraulic Parameters: Pedotop Scale -- Miroslav Kutflek, Miroslav Krejca, And Jana Kupcov4-vlasimska -- Searching Below Thresholds: Tracing The Origins Of Preferential Flow Within Undisturbed Soil Samples --^ Milena Cfslerova, Tomsg Vogel, Jana Votrubova, And Alice Robovska -- Effect Of Forced Convection On Soil Water Content Measurement With The Dual-probe Heat-pulse Method -- Gerardj. Kluitenberg Andjoshua L. Heitman -- Micrometeorology -- Momentum Transfer To Complex Terrain -- John Finnigan -- Diffusion Of Heavy Particles In A Turbulent Flow -- M. R. Raupach -- A Simple One-dimensional Model Of Coherent Turbulent Transfer In Canopies -- Michael D. Novak -- The Concept Of The Soil-plant-atmosphere Continuum And Applications -- M. B. Kirkham -- Rootzone Processes, Tree Water-use And The Equitable Allocation Of Irrigation Water To Olives -- Steve Green, Brent Clothier, Horst Caspari, And Sue Neal. Peter A.c. Raats, David Smiles, Arthur W. Warrick, Editors. The Philip Volume. Published In Cooperation With Csiro, Australia. Includes Bibliographical References. Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 129.Modern theories of mass and heat transfer in the biosphere, based on notions of a soil-plant-atmosphere thermodynamic continuum focused on water, were generally formulated by the mid-20th century. They tended to be reductionist and flow equations combined macroscopic laws of flow and of material and energy balance. They were difficult to solve because material transfer properties tend to be strongly related to the local concentration of an entity of concern, to the location, or to both. The architecture of the soil and the plant canopy also complicated their formulation, the scale of their application and their test.