Environmental Management of Energy from Biofuels and Biofeedstocks Speight/Environmental

This is the most comprehensive and thorough volume on the environmental aspects of energy from biofuels and biofeedstocks. Biomass is a renewable resource whose utilization has received great attention due to environmental considerations and the increasing demands of energy worldwide. Since the energy crises of the 1970s, many countries have become interested in biomass as a fuel source to expand the development of domestic and renewable energy sources, reduce the environmental impacts of energy production, provide rural prosperity for its poor farmers, and bolster a flat agricultural sector. This first volume in the Energy and the Environment series discusses the environmental impacts and social concerns of energy production in its various forms, offering comprehensive coverage of the many available biofuels. Starting with a historical overview, Environmental Management of Energy from Biomass and Biofeedstocks: presents a full technological treatment of the processes, engineering, and applications of biofuels and biofeedstocks; describes the relevant technologies and their environmental impacts; covers the social aspects, economic aspects, and the future of biofuels; and discusses a variety of biofuels and their possible use and applicability in different countries. Readership: Any engineer, manager, or technician working with energy from biomass or biofeedstocks. Chemical engineers, chemists, and process engineers working in the field or doing research will most greatly benefit from this valuable new work. Cover 1 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Contents 6 Preface 10 1 Fuels From Biomass 14 1.1 Introduction 14 1.2 The Growth of Biofuels 16 1.2.1 Factors Spurring Growth in the Biofuels Market 17 1.2.2 Challenges to the Wide-Scale Use Of Biofuels 19 1.2.3 History of Biofuels Programs 20 1.2.4 Current Biofuel Production 21 1.3 Conventional Biomass Feedstocks 26 1.3.1 Fuels from Food Fiber and Feed Crops (1st Generation) 26 1.4 Challenges to Conventional Feedstocks 35 1.5 Fuels from Crop Residues, Wood and Dedicated Energy Crops 36 1.5.1 Characteristics of Cellulosic Biomass 37 1.5.2 Biomass Residues and Organic Wastes 39 1.5.3 Wood Residues 40 1.5.4 Crop Residues 41 1.5.5 Energy Crops 43 1.5.6 Micro-Algae 44 1.6 Technologies for Converting Biomass into Liquid Fuels 46 1.6.1 Thermochemical Conversion 46 1.6.2 Biochemical Conversion 48 1.6.3 Emerging Developments in Conversion Technology 49 1.7 The Biorefinery Concept 51 1.8 Outlook for Cellulosic Liquid Fuels 55 1.9 Biofuels 56 1.9.1 Ethanol from Sugars 56 1.9.2 Ethanol from Starches 57 1.9.3 Fuel Ethanol 57 1.9.4 Lipid-Derived Biofuels 59 References 61 2 Environmental Aspects 66 2.1 Introduction 66 2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 70 2.3 Life Cycle Considerations of Biofuels 72 2.3.1 Feedstock Production, Harvest, Processing, Transport 74 2.4 Refining Feedstocks Into Biofuels 81 2.4.1 Transport of Feedstocks and Fuel 83 2.4.2 Combustion 84 2.4.3 Results of Well-to-Wheel Analyses 86 2.4.4 Reducing the Climate Impact of Biofuels 87 2.5 Impact of Growing Biomass 90 2.5.1 Habitat Destruction 91 2.5.2 Minimizing Land-Use and Impact on Wildlife 94 2.5.3 Impact on Soil Quality 96 2.5.4 Impact on Water Resources 98 2.5.5 Impact on Air Quality 99 References 100 3 Biofuel Policies 106 3.1 Introduction 106 3.2 Regional, National and Local Policies 109 3.2.1 Africa 110 3.2.2 Asia and the Pacific 112 3.2.3 Latin America 115 3.2.4 Europe 118 3.2.5 North America 119 3.3 International Environmental Instruments 121 3.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 122 3.3.2 Other Emissions 123 3.4 Standards and Certification Schemes 124 3.5 International Trade 128 References 134 4 The Biofuel Life Cycle 138 4.1 Introduction 138 4.2 Energy Balance and Energy Efficiency of Biofuels 139 4.3 Ethanol in SI Engines 145 4.4 Ethanol in CI Engines 147 4.5 Biodiesel Blends 149 4.6 Unblended Biodiesel 151 4.7 Other Biofuels 153 4.7.1 Vegetable Oil and Animal Fats 154 4.7.2 Dimethyl Ether 156 4.7.3 Biomass to Liquid 157 References 162 5 Social Aspects 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Agricultural and Rural Development 170 5.3 Expanding Markets 172 5.4 Creating Employment 176 5.5 Subsidies 179 5.6 Biofuel Processing 180 5.7 Biofuels for Local Use 182 5.8 Food Versus Fuel Debate 183 5.9 Infrastructure Requirements 187 5.10 Transport, Storage and Delivery 188 5.11 Government Policies and Regulations 191 References 195 6 The Future of Biofuels 200 6.1 Introduction 200 6.2 Next Generation Biofuels 204 6.3 Integrated Refining Concepts – The Biorefinery 207 6.3.1 The Biorefinery Concept 209 6.3.2 Process Options 210 6.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion 214 6.3.4 Fermentation and Hydrolysis 215 6.3.5 Transesterification 216 6.4 Strategies for Biofuel Use 217 6.5 Market Barriers of Biofuel 218 6.6 Managing Biofuel Production 220 6.6.1 Food or Fuel 221 6.6.2 Non-Food Feedstocks 222 6.6.3 Vegetable Oil 223 6.7 The Future 223 References 228 Conversion Factors 232 Glossary 234 Index 264 A comprehensive approach to accurate ADHD diagnosis In Essentials of ADHD Assessment in Children and Adolescents, the authors provide a clear and informative road map for practitioners seeking to conduct state-of-the-art assessments for one of the most common disorders of childhood. Drawing upon years of experience in conducting diagnostic evaluations of ADHD following best-practice standards, they emphasize the importance of a comprehensive evaluation, incorporating data from multiple sources, using multiple methods, and interpreting findings within the appropriate developmental and cultural contexts. The major components of an ADHD evaluation (interviews, rating scales, cognitive testing, observation, record review) are reviewed in detail. Expert guidance is provided for resolving the most common challenges in assessing ADHD, including differentiating symptoms from normal development, dealing with discrepant data, differential diagnosis, and considering comorbidity. 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Drawing upon years of experience in conducting diagnostic evaluations of ADHD following best-practice standards, they emphasize the importance of a comprehensive evaluation, incorporating data from multiple sources, using multiple methods, and interpreting findings within the appropriate developmental and cultural contexts. The major components of an ADHD evaluation (interviews, rating scales, cognitive testing, observation, record review) are reviewed in detail. Expert guidance is provided for resolving the most common challenges in assessing ADHD, including differentiating symptoms from normal development, dealing with discrepant data, differential diagnosis, and considering comorbidity. The latest scholarly literature is integrated with the authors' practical recommendations to provide clinicians with the concepts and tools needed for effective and accurate assessment of ADHD, addressing such topics as: An indispensable professional resource for practicing clinicians, Essentials of ADHD Assessment for Children and Adolescents is a reader-friendly guide to providing a thorough, responsible ADHD evaluation. "This indispensable resource provides step-by-step guidelines for conducting a thorough, responsible evaluation for ADHD in children and adolescents. Focusing on the pragmatic needs of the practicing clinician, the authors address not only the broad concepts integral to conducting sound ADHD assessments but also the specifics that will enable practitioners to implement those principles. This essential guide is appropriate for seasoned clinicians who wish to add ADHD evaluations to their practices, as well as new clinicians and graduate students who are developing expertise."-- Provided by publisher The most comprehensive and thorough volume on the environmental aspects of energy from biofuels and biofeedstocks. This first volume in the 'Energy and the Environment' series discusses the environmental impacts and social concerns of energy production in its various forms, offering comprehensive coverage of the many available biofuels. This book presents a full technological treatment of the processes, engineering, and applications of biofuels and biofeedstocks and describes the relevant technologies and their environmental impacts