Environmental governance and climate change in Africa: legal perspectives

Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change and climate variability, a situation aggravated by the interaction of 'multiple stresses', occurring at various levels, and low adaptive capacity ... Africa's major economic sectors are vulnerable to current climate sensitivity, with huge economic impacts, and this vulnerability is exacerbated by existing developmental challenges such as endemic poverty, complex governance and institutional dimensions; limited access to capital, including markets, infrastructure and technology; ecosystem degradation; and complex disasters and conflicts. These in turn have contributed to Africa's weak adaptive capacity, increasing the continent's vulnerability to projected climate change. Read more... Abstract: Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change and climate variability, a situation aggravated by the interaction of 'multiple stresses', occurring at various levels, and low adaptive capacity ... Africa's major economic sectors are vulnerable to current climate sensitivity, with huge economic impacts, and this vulnerability is exacerbated by existing developmental challenges such as endemic poverty, complex governance and institutional dimensions; limited access to capital, including markets, infrastructure and technology; ecosystem degradation; and complex disasters and conflicts. These in turn have contributed to Africa's weak adaptive capacity, increasing the continent's vulnerability to projected climate change Cover......Page 1 ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY MEDICINE......Page 4 CONTENTS......Page 6 ABBREVIATIONS......Page 9 Names of Medical Substances......Page 11 PREFACE......Page 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 14 Investigations......Page 16 Management......Page 17 Related topics of interest......Page 18 Management......Page 19 Related topics of interest......Page 21 ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY LANDMARKS......Page 22 Clinical features......Page 25 Management......Page 26 Further reading......Page 27 History......Page 28 Investigations......Page 29 Non-gonococcal septic arthritis......Page 30 Gout......Page 31 Pseudo-gout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate—CPPD)......Page 32 Malignancy......Page 33 Related topics of interest......Page 34 Aetiology......Page 35 Investigations......Page 36 Imaging......Page 37 Further reading......Page 38 Severe effects......Page 39 Zagreb anti-venom......Page 40 Antivenom reactions......Page 41 Contact telephone numbers......Page 42 Assessment of the airway......Page 43 Surgical airway......Page 44 Choking......Page 45 Related topics of interest......Page 46 Moderate pain......Page 47 Combined preparations......Page 48 Analgesia in children......Page 49 Mild pain......Page 50 Others......Page 51 Further reading......Page 52 Clinical features......Page 53 Treatment......Page 54 Related topic of interest......Page 57 Medial ligament......Page 58 History/examination......Page 59 Treatment......Page 60 Differential diagnosis......Page 61 Related topics of interest......Page 62 Osteochondritis dessicans......Page 63 Further reading......Page 64 Antibiotic factors......Page 65 Resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents (HSC 1999/049)......Page 66 Related topics of interest......Page 67 IPCS list of antidotes and other useful agents in the treatment of human poisoning......Page 68 Acute asthma......Page 72 Life-threatening asthma......Page 73 Related topics of interest......Page 74 Hospital......Page 75 Related topic of interest......Page 76 Traumatic......Page 77 Non-traumatic......Page 78 Related topic of interest......Page 79 Management......Page 80 Weever fish stings......Page 81 Related topics of interest......Page 82 Facilities......Page 83 Techniques for emergency decontamination......Page 84 The irradiated patient......Page 85 On scene care......Page 86 Accident and emergency department......Page 87 Pitfalls......Page 88 Airway and breathing......Page 89 Assessment of the burn......Page 90 Complications......Page 91 Further reading......Page 92 Achilles peritendinitis......Page 93 Related topic of interest......Page 94 Pathophysiology......Page 95 Features......Page 96 Investigations......Page 97 Treatment......Page 98 Related topics of interest......Page 99 Aetiology......Page 100 Investigations......Page 101 Management......Page 102 Complications......Page 103 Related topics of interest......Page 104 Prognosis......Page 105 Related topics of interest......Page 106 Management of an acute exacerbation of COPD......Page 107 Investigations......Page 108 Treatment......Page 109 Intermittent positive pressure ventilation......Page 110 Further reading......Page 111 History......Page 112 Examination......Page 113 Related topics of interest......Page 114 Causes......Page 115 Investigation......Page 116 Related topics of interest......Page 117 Knowledge base......Page 118 Clinical skills......Page 123 Managerial skills......Page 124 Attitudes......Page 125 Preparation......Page 126 External chest compression......Page 127 Indications for discontinuing resuscitation......Page 128 Further reading......Page 129 Management......Page 130 Further reading......Page 131 Symptoms and signs......Page 132 Complications of diabetes......Page 134 Investigations......Page 135 Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma......Page 136 Related topics of interest......Page 137 Management......Page 138 Further reading......Page 140 Otitis externa......Page 141 Subperichondrial haematoma......Page 142 Epistaxis......Page 143 Nasal fracture......Page 144 Tonsillitis......Page 145 Foreign body......Page 146 Related topic of interest......Page 147 Indicators of severe pre-eclampsia......Page 148 Complications......Page 149 Further reading......Page 150 Severe toxicity......Page 151 Treatment......Page 153 Further reading......Page 155 Symptoms......Page 156 Treatment......Page 157 Cardiac effects......Page 158 Cutaneous effects......Page 159 Lightning......Page 160 Related topics of interest......Page 161 Signs and symptoms......Page 162 Signs and symptoms......Page 163 Causes of hyponatraemia......Page 164 Related topic of interest......Page 165 Neurological......Page 166 Further reading......Page 167 Treatment......Page 168 Related topic of interest......Page 169 Aetiology......Page 170 Fractures involving an epiphysis: the Salter-Harris classification......Page 171 Related topics of interest......Page 172 Side effects......Page 173 Further reading......Page 174 History and examination......Page 175 Management......Page 176 Acute variceal bleeding......Page 177 Related topics of interest......Page 178 Renal injuries......Page 179 Bladder injuries......Page 180 Further reading......Page 181 Related topics of interest......Page 182 Pelvic pain......Page 183 Related topics of interest......Page 184 Bleeding disorders......Page 185 Further reading......Page 187 Head injury severity......Page 188 Basal skull fracture......Page 189 Management......Page 190 Management techniques in prevention and treatment of raised ICP......Page 192 Complications......Page 193 Related topics of interest......Page 194 Precipitating causes of heart failure......Page 195 Treatment......Page 196 Further reading......Page 197 History......Page 198 Treatment......Page 199 Further reading......Page 200 Assessment of severity of illness......Page 201 Fluid replacement......Page 202 Microbiological investigations......Page 203 Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS)......Page 204 Anti-microbial therapy......Page 205 Further reading......Page 206 Investigations......Page 207 Related topics of interest......Page 208 Transfer protocol......Page 209 Related topic of interest......Page 211 Method......Page 212 Complications......Page 213 Related topic of interest......Page 214 Crystalloids......Page 215 Crystalloid versus colloid......Page 216 Related topic of interest......Page 218 Conditions that occur in specific age groups......Page 219 Related topics of interest......Page 221 Vasoconstrictors......Page 222 Adverse......Page 223 Levobupivacine......Page 224 Local anaesthetic procedures......Page 225 Further reading......Page 227 A successful plan......Page 228 Further reading......Page 229 Airway......Page 230 Surgical cricothyroidotomy......Page 231 Disability (neurological function)......Page 232 Secondary survey......Page 233 Related topics of interest......Page 234 General points......Page 235 The laboratory testing and measurement of drugs in acute poisoning......Page 236 Gut decontamination......Page 237 Eliminating poisons......Page 238 Consent to treatment and Common Law......Page 239 Common Law......Page 240 Zygomatic arch fracture......Page 241 Maxillary fracture......Page 242 Temporomandibular dislocation......Page 243 Avulsed teeth......Page 244 Related topic of interest......Page 245 Organisms......Page 246 Clinical features......Page 247 Paediatric......Page 248 Treatment......Page 249 Related topics of interest......Page 251 Observations and investigations......Page 252 Intubation......Page 253 Features of meningitis only......Page 254 Further reading......Page 255 Mechanism of tissue damage......Page 256 Factors influencing tissue damage......Page 257 Related topics of interest......Page 258 Pulse oximetry......Page 259 Related topic of interest......Page 260 Management......Page 261 Thrombolytic therapy......Page 262 Further reading......Page 264 Vaginal bleeding......Page 265 Abdominal pain......Page 266 Collapse in pregnancy......Page 267 Other conditions which may complicate pregnancy......Page 268 Related topics of interest......Page 269 Examination......Page 270 Retinal detachment......Page 272 Management of acute angle closed glaucoma......Page 273 Chemical burns......Page 274 Related topic of interest......Page 275 Criteria for establishing brain stem death......Page 276 Further reading......Page 277 Specific conditions......Page 278 Related topics of interest......Page 279 Symptoms of overdose......Page 280 Management of adult patients who present within 8 hours of ingestion......Page 281 Antidotes......Page 282 Paracetamol in pregnancy......Page 283 Further reading......Page 284 Diagnosis......Page 285 Related topics of interest......Page 288 Management......Page 289 Management of intercostal drains......Page 291 Further reading......Page 292 Definition......Page 293 Management......Page 294 Further reading......Page 295 Rapid sequence intubation timing......Page 296 Further reading......Page 297 Clinical features......Page 298 Complications......Page 299 Related topics of interest......Page 300 Agents......Page 301 Monitoring......Page 302 Related topic of interest......Page 303 Causative organisms......Page 304 Related topics of interest......Page 305 Phases of shock......Page 306 Specific types of shock......Page 307 Related topics of interest......Page 309 Anterior dislocation......Page 310 Posterior dislocation......Page 311 Further reading......Page 312 Related topic of interest......Page 313 The rotator cuff......Page 314 Related topics of interest......Page 315 Triage......Page 316 Treatment......Page 317 Further reading......Page 319 Dosage......Page 320 Further reading......Page 321 Examination......Page 322 Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormalities (SCIWORA)......Page 325 Related topics of interest......Page 326 Roles of medical staff......Page 327 Checklist for medical staff......Page 328 Further reading......Page 329 Causes......Page 330 Related topics of interest......Page 331 Treatment......Page 332 Prevention......Page 333 Related topic of interest......Page 335 Life-threatening injuries detectable in the primary survey......Page 336 Potentially life threatening injuries detectable in the secondary survey......Page 337 Related topics of interest......Page 339 Acute haemolytic or bacterial transfusion reactions......Page 340 Allergic reactions......Page 341 Transfusion associated graft-versus-host-disease (TA-GvHD)......Page 342 Iron overload......Page 343 Physiological scoring......Page 344 Revised trauma score......Page 345 Anatomical scoring......Page 346 TRISS methodology......Page 347 Related topics of interest......Page 348 Priapism......Page 349 Testicular torsion......Page 350 Related topics of interest......Page 351 Colles’ fracture......Page 352 Smith’s fracture......Page 353 Carpal fractures and/or dislocations......Page 354 Related topic of interest......Page 355 INDEX......Page 356 This completely revised and updated edition of contains essential information on over 100 major subjects pertinent to modern clinical practice in anaesthesia. The systematic structure of the text is designed to encourage a problem-based approach to clinical scenarios.