Environmental Epigenomics in Health and Disease: Epigenetics and Complex Diseases (Epigenetics and Human Health)

There are now compelling human epidemiological and animal experimental data that indicate the risk of developing adult-onset complex diseases and neurological disorders are influenced by persistent epigenetic adaptations in response to prenatal and early postnatal exposures to environmental factors. Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the sequence of the DNA. The main components of the epigenetic code are DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. The epigenetic programs are established as stem cell differentiate during embryogenesis, and they are normally faithfully reproduced during mitosis. Moreover, they can also be maintained during meiosis, resulting in epigenetic transgenerational disease inheritance, and also potentially introducing phenotypic variation that is selected for in the evolution of new species. The objective of this two volume book is to provide evidence that environmental exposures during early development can alter the risk of developing medical conditions, such as asthma, autism, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and schizophrenia later in life by modifying the epigenome. Consequently, epigenetic research promises to markedly improve our ability to diagnosis, prevent, and treat the pathological conditions of humans; however, it also introduces unique legal and ethical issues. This volume highlights the correlation between environmental factors and complex diseases, such as autism, addiction, neurological diseases, diabetes, obesity and cancer. It concludes with a chapter on legal and ethical implications of epigenetics. ​ The Capacity Of The Epigenome To Interpret Both Internal And External Stimuli And Alter Expression Programs Is A Critical Component In Normal Development, Aging, And Disease Pathogenesis. In The Past Decade, We Have Witnessed An Explosion Of Unprecedented Research On And Support For Epigenetics, Epigenomics, And Their Interface With Human Health And Disease. In This Volume, Environmental Epigenomics In Health And Disease - Epigenetics And Complex Diseases, A Number Of Leading Investigators In The Field Of Epigenetics Discuss Patterns Of Epigenomic Modifications In Normal Cells, And How Environmentally-induced Changes In Them Are Associated With Disease Pathogenesis. The Authors Comprehensively Review The Epigenetic Adaptations That Occur In Human Embryonic Stem Cells, As Well As In Differentiating Cells And Organs Such As The Brain When Exposed To Environmental Factors, And Discuss The Legal And Ethical Implications Of Such Alterations. The Overall Purpose Of This Volume And Its Companion, Environmental Epigenomics In Health And Disease - Epigenetics And Disease Origins, Is To Give Readers An Overview Of How Environmental Exposures During Early Development Can Influence Disease Formation By Disrupting Epigenetic Programming. Preface -- Epigenetic Programming Of The Brain -- Epigenetics And Maternal Brain Evolution -- Social Environment And Dna Methylation: A Mechanism For Linking Nurture And Nature -- Sex Differences In Epigenetic Programming Of Brain Differentiation: Implications For Mental Health And Disease -- Epigenetics And Neurological Disorders -- Phenotypic Plasticity, Pleiotropy, And The Growth-first Theory Of Imprinting -- The Imprinted Brain: How Genes Set The Balance Between Autism And Psychosis -- Epigenetics At The Interface Of Genetics And Environmental Factors In Autism -- Epigenomic And Non-coding Rna Regulation In Addictive Processes -- Epigenetic Therapies In Neurological Diseases -- Epigenetics, Nutrition, Diabetes, And Obesity -- Nutrition, Histone Epigenetic Marks, And Disease -- Chromatin Switching And Gene Dynamics Associated With Type 2 Diabetes -- Developmental Epigenetic Programming In Diabetes And Obesity -- Epigenetics And Cancer -- Developmental Reprogramming By Environmental Estrogens: How Early Life Exposures Affect Cancer Risk In Adulthood.- human Cancer Epigenetics -- Epigenetics And The Law -- Legal And Ethical Implications Of Epigenetics -- Subject Index. . Edited By Randy L. Jirtle, Frederick L. Tyson. Front Matter....Pages i-xiv Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Epigenetics and Maternal Brain Evolution....Pages 3-20 Social Environment and DNA Methylation: A Mechanism for Linking Nurture and Nature....Pages 21-35 Sex Differences in Epigenetic Programming of Brain Differentiation: Implications for Mental Health and Disease....Pages 37-54 Front Matter....Pages 55-55 Phenotypic Plasticity, Pleiotropy, and the Growth-First Theory of Imprinting....Pages 57-72 The Imprinted Brain: How Genes Set the Balance Between Autism and Psychosis....Pages 73-96 Epigenetics at the Interface of Genetics and Environmental Factors in Autism....Pages 97-114 Epigenomic and Noncoding RNA Regulation in Addictive Processes....Pages 115-165 Epigenetic Therapies in Neurological Diseases....Pages 167-193 Front Matter....Pages 195-195 Nutrition, Histone Epigenetic Marks, and Disease....Pages 197-217 Chromatin Switching and Gene Dynamics Associated with Type 2 Diabetes....Pages 219-233 Developmental Epigenetic Programming in Diabetes and Obesity....Pages 235-253 Front Matter....Pages 255-255 Developmental Reprogramming by Environmental Estrogens: How Early Life Exposures Affect Cancer Risk in Adulthood....Pages 257-267 Human Cancer Epigenetics....Pages 269-293 Front Matter....Pages 295-295 Legal and Ethical Implications of Epigenetics....Pages 297-308 Back Matter....Pages 309-339 Exposure to environmental toxicants is associated with changes in DNA methylation and gene expression profiles that together can contribute to increased disease susceptibility. The chapters in this volume, Environmental Epigenomics in Health and Disease - Epigenetics and Disease Origins, address a wide range of environmental exposures, such as airborne particulates, cocaine, radiation, tobacco smoke, and xenoestrogens. Particular emphasis is placed on the consequences of environmental exposures during development on epigenetic reprogramming that influences adult disease pathogenesis. Health outcomes associated with these exposures include autoimmune disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, and cancer. Importantly, dietary supplements and drugs can modify the epigenetic effects induced by these agents, thereby reducing their toxicological impact. The overall purpose of this volume and its companion, Environmental Epigenomics in Health and Disease - Epigenetics and Complex Diseases, is to give readers an overview of how environmental exposures during early development can influence disease formation by disrupting epigenetic processes and developmental programming.