Environmental encyclopedia. 2, N - Z, historical chronology, US environmental legislation, organizations, general index

There are a surprisingly small number of encyclopedias covering environmental science and environmental issues. The expanded and updated edition of Gale's Environmental Encyclopedia does little to improve on the quality of such offerings.Entries range from 100 to more than 2,000 words. Some are complemented by black-and-white photographs and diagrams. Each entry is signed, and topical coverage includes a broad range of environmental perspectives, including scientific, political, and social issues. Most of the entries are followed by a brief bibliography. However, these bibliographies are inconsistent, some pointing to a large number of standard and useful sources, others leading the user to an odd selection of works that do not represent comprehensive or core treatments of the issue at hand.Additional sections include a brief (five-page) ''Historical Chronology'' of environmental events, a five-page chronology of ''Environmental Legislation in the United States,'' organizations mentioned within the bibliographies accompanying encyclopedia entries, and an index to entries and terms.The factual information presented in the encyclopedia is generally accurate, although the entries are inconsistent in their tone. That is, although the entries on more scientific topics are quite good and objectively presented, the social issue and biographical entries have a less objective, more chatty tone. In large part, this stems from an editorial perspective that often takes sides with the environmentalists. The result is a work that is not appropriate as the only source for beginning students.There are other choices for coverage of the human and social aspects of environmental issues. Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (Salem, 2000) and Encyclopedia of Global Change: Environmental Change and Human Society (Oxford, 2002) are useful for the high-school level and up, while The Encyclopedia of the Environment (Grolier, 1999) and The Environment Encyclopedia (Marshall Cavendish, 2001) offer attractive presentations for school and public libraries. Issue-based treatments should be supplemented by more scientifically oriented works, such as Encyclopedia of Environmental Science (Oryx, 2000) or The Environment A to Z (CQ, 2000). The present work is appropriate only for comprehensive environmental collections. Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page - Volume 1......Page 2 Title Page - Volume 2......Page 3 ©2003 by Gale......Page 4 A......Page 5 B......Page 6 C......Page 7 D......Page 8 E......Page 9 F......Page 10 G......Page 11 I......Page 12 M......Page 13 N......Page 14 P......Page 15 S......Page 17 T......Page 19 W......Page 20 GENERAL INDEX......Page 21 ADVISORY BOARD......Page 23 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 25 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK......Page 29 INTRODUCTION......Page 31 Absorption......Page 35 Acclimation......Page 36 Acetone......Page 37 Acid deposition......Page 38 Acid mine drainage......Page 39 Acid rain......Page 40 Activated sludge......Page 42 Ansel Easton Adams (1902 – 1984)......Page 43 Adaptive management......Page 44 Adirondack Mountains......Page 45 Aerobic/anaerobic systems......Page 46 Aerobic sludge digestion......Page 47 Aflatoxin......Page 48 Africanized bees......Page 49 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry......Page 50 Agent Orange......Page 51 Agricultural chemicals......Page 54 Agricultural environmental management......Page 55 Agricultural pollution......Page 57 Agricultural revolution......Page 59 Agriculture and energy conservation......Page 60 Agroforestry......Page 61 AIDS......Page 62 Air pollution......Page 63 Air pollution control......Page 65 Air quality......Page 67 Air quality criteria......Page 68 Alaska Highway......Page 69 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980)......Page 71 Algal bloom......Page 72 Alligator, American......Page 73 Alternative energy sources......Page 75 Aluminum......Page 76 Amazon basin......Page 77 American Box Turtle......Page 78 American Committee for International Conservation......Page 79 American Forests......Page 80 American Indian Environmental Office......Page 81 American Oceans Campaign......Page 82 Ames test......Page 84 Cleveland Amory (1917 – 1998)......Page 85 Anaerobic......Page 86 Anemia......Page 87 Animal cancer tests......Page 88 Animal rights......Page 89 Animal Welfare Institute......Page 91 Antarctic Treaty (1961)......Page 92 Antarctica Project......Page 93 Anthrax......Page 94 Anthropogenic......Page 95 Antibiotic resistance......Page 96 Aquaculture......Page 98 Aquarium trade......Page 100 Aquatic chemistry......Page 101 Aquatic microbiology......Page 103 Aquatic toxicology......Page 104 Aquifer depletion......Page 105 Aquifer restoration......Page 106 Aral Sea......Page 108 Arco, Idaho......Page 109 Arctic haze......Page 110 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge......Page 111 Arid landscaping......Page 113 Svante August Arrhenius (1859 – 1927)......Page 114 Arsenic......Page 115 Arsenic-treated lumber......Page 116 Asbestos removal......Page 118 Ashio, Japan......Page 121 Asiatic black bear......Page 123 Assimilative capacity......Page 124 Asthma......Page 125 Aswan High Dam......Page 126 Atmosphere......Page 128 Atmospheric (air) pollutants......Page 129 Atmospheric deposition......Page 130 Atomic fusion......Page 131 John James Audubon (1785 – 1851)......Page 132 Australia......Page 133 Automobile......Page 135 Automobile emissions......Page 136 Autotroph......Page 137 Avalanche......Page 138 Background radiation......Page 139 Sir Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)......Page 140 Baghouse......Page 141 Balance of nature......Page 142 Bald eagle......Page 143 Barrier island......Page 144 Basel Convention......Page 145 Rick Bass (1958 – )......Page 146 Bats......Page 147 Battery recycling......Page 148 Bay of Fundy......Page 149 Mollie Beattie (1947 – 1996)......Page 151 Bellwether species......Page 152 Hugh Hammond Bennett (1881 – 1960)......Page 153 Wendell Erdman Berry (1934 – )......Page 154 Best available control technology......Page 155 Best management practices......Page 156 Beyond Pesticides......Page 157 Bhopal, India......Page 158 Bikini atoll......Page 160 Bioassay......Page 162 Bioassessment......Page 163 Biochemical oxygen demand......Page 164 Biodiversity......Page 165 Biofilms......Page 168 Biofiltration......Page 169 Biogeochemistry......Page 170 Biogeography......Page 172 Bioindicator......Page 173 Biological community......Page 174 Biological oxygen demand......Page 175 Biological Resources Division......Page 176 Bioluminescence......Page 177 Biomagnification......Page 178 Biomass......Page 179 Biomass fuel......Page 180 Bioregional Project......Page 182 Bioremediation......Page 184 Biosphere......Page 187 Biosphere reserve......Page 188 Biotechnology......Page 191 Bioterrorism......Page 193 Biotoxins......Page 195 BirdLife International......Page 196 Birth defects......Page 197 Bison......Page 199 Black lung disease......Page 200 Black-footed ferret......Page 201 Blackout/brownout......Page 202 Blue revolution (fish farming)......Page 203 Blue-baby syndrome......Page 204 Murray Bookchin (1921 – )......Page 205 Norman E. Borlaug (1914 – )......Page 206 Boston Harbor clean up......Page 207 Botanical garden......Page 209 Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910 – 1993)......Page 210 Brackish......Page 211 Bromine......Page 212 Bronchitis......Page 213 David Ross Brower (1912 – 2000)......Page 214 Lester R. Brown (1934 – )......Page 215 Brown tree snake......Page 217 Carol Browner (1955 – )......Page 218 Brownfields......Page 219 Gro Harlem Brundtland (1939 – )......Page 221 Mikhail I. Budyko (1920 – )......Page 222 Bureau of Land Management......Page 224 Buried soil......Page 225 John Burroughs (1837 – 1921)......Page 226 Bush meat/market......Page 227 Bycatch......Page 228 Bycatch reduction devices......Page 229 Cairo conference......Page 233 Dr. Helen Mary Caldicott (1938 – )......Page 235 Lynton Keith Caldwell (1913 – )......Page 236 California condor......Page 237 John Baird Callicot (1941 – )......Page 238 Canadian Forest Service......Page 239 Canadian Wildlife Service......Page 240 Cancer......Page 241 Captive propagation and reintroduction......Page 242 Carbon cycle......Page 244 Carbon emissions trading......Page 245 Carbon offsets (CO2-emission offsets)......Page 248 Carbon tax......Page 251 Carcinogen......Page 252 Carrying capacity......Page 254 Rachel Louise Carson (1907 – 1964)......Page 255 Catalytic converter......Page 257 Catskill Watershed Protection Plan......Page 258 Center for Environmental Philosophy......Page 259 Center for Respect of Life and Environment......Page 260 Center for Science in the Public Interest......Page 261 Cesium 137......Page 262 Chaparral......Page 263 Chelyabinsk, Russia......Page 264 Chemical oxygen demand......Page 265 Chemical spills......Page 266 Chemicals......Page 267 Chernobyl nuclear power station......Page 268 Chesapeake Bay......Page 270 Child survival revolution......Page 272 Chimpanzees......Page 273 Chipko Andolan movement......Page 274 Chlorinated hydrocarbons......Page 275 Chlorination......Page 276 Chlorine......Page 278 Chlorofluorocarbons......Page 280 Cholinesterase inhibitor......Page 281 Chromatography......Page 282 Cigarette smoke......Page 283 Citizen science......Page 285 Citizens for a Better Environment......Page 287 Clayoquot Sound......Page 288 Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990)......Page 290 Clean Water Act (1972, 1977, 1987)......Page 293 Clear-cutting......Page 296 Frederic E. Clements (1874 – 1945)......Page 298 Climate......Page 300 Cloning......Page 302 Cloud chemistry......Page 304 Club of Rome......Page 305 Coagulation......Page 306 Coal......Page 307 Coal gasification......Page 308 Coal washing......Page 310 Coastal Society, The......Page 311 Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)......Page 312 Coevolution......Page 314 Cogeneration......Page 315 Cold fusion......Page 316 Colorado River......Page 317 Combined sewer overflows......Page 318 Cometabolism......Page 319 Commercial fishing......Page 320 Commission for Environmental Cooperation......Page 322 Barry Commoner (1917 – )......Page 323 Communicable diseases......Page 324 Community ecology......Page 325 Compaction......Page 327 Comparative risk......Page 328 Competition......Page 330 Composting......Page 331 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)......Page 333 Computer disposal......Page 335 Congo River and basin......Page 336 Conservation......Page 338 Conservation biology......Page 340 Conservation easements......Page 342 Conservation Reserve Program......Page 343 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research......Page 346 Container deposit legislation......Page 347 Contaminated soil......Page 348 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1975)......Page 351 Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982)......Page 352 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter (1972)......Page 353 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971)......Page 354 Copper......Page 355 Coral bleaching......Page 356 Coral reef......Page 357 Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards......Page 359 Cost-benefit analysis......Page 360 Douglas M. Costle (1939 – )......Page 362 Council on Environmental Quality......Page 363 Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910 – 1997)......Page 364 Cousteau Society, The......Page 365 Coyote......Page 366 Critical habitat......Page 368 Crocodiles......Page 369 William Cronon (1954 – )......Page 370 Cross-Florida Barge Canal......Page 371 Paul J. Cruzen (1933 – )......Page 372 Cubatao, Brazil......Page 375 Cultural eutrophication......Page 376 Cuyahoga River......Page 378 Cyclone collector......Page 379 Dam removal......Page 381 Dams (environmental effects)......Page 382 Charles Robert Darwin (1809 – 1882)......Page 383 Dead zones......Page 384 Debt for nature swap......Page 386 Decomposers......Page 388 Deep ecology......Page 389 Deep-well injection......Page 390 Defoliation......Page 391 Deforestation......Page 392 Delaney Clause......Page 393 Deoxyribose nucleic acid......Page 394 Desalinization......Page 395 Desert tortoise......Page 396 Desertification......Page 397 Detoxification......Page 399 Detritivores......Page 401 Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane......Page 402 Die-off......Page 403 Annie Dillard (1945 – )......Page 404 Dioxin......Page 405 Discharge......Page 406 Dissolved solids......Page 407 Dodo......Page 408 Dolphins......Page 409 Dominance......Page 410 Double-crested cormorants......Page 411 Marjory Stoneman Douglas (1890 – 1998)......Page 412 Drainage......Page 413 Dredging......Page 414 Drift nets......Page 416 Drinking-water supply......Page 418 Drought......Page 420 Dry cask storage......Page 421 Dry cleaning......Page 422 Dry deposition......Page 423 Rene ́ Jules Dubos (1901 – 1982)......Page 424 Ducks Unlimited......Page 425 Dunes and dune erosion......Page 426 Dust Bowl......Page 429 Earth Charter......Page 431 Earth Day......Page 433 Earth First!......Page 435 Earth Island Institute......Page 436 Earth Liberation Front......Page 437 Earth Pledge Foundation......Page 438 Earthquake......Page 439 Earthwatch......Page 440 Eastern European pollution......Page 441 Ebola......Page 443 Eco Mark......Page 445 Ecofeminism......Page 446 Ecological integrity......Page 448 Ecological risk assessment......Page 451 Ecological Society of America......Page 452 Ecological economics......Page 453 Ecology......Page 455 Economic growth and the environment......Page 458 Ecosystem......Page 460 Ecosystem health......Page 462 Ecosystem management......Page 463 Ecoterrorism......Page 465 Ecotourism......Page 466 Ecotoxicology......Page 467 Effluent......Page 469 Paul Ralph Ehrlich (1932 – )......Page 470 El Nin ̃o......Page 471 Electric utilities......Page 472 Electromagnetic field......Page 473 Elephants......Page 476 ELI......Page 477 Charles Sutherland Elton (1900 – 1991)......Page 478 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (1986)......Page 479 Emergent diseases (human)......Page 481 Emergent ecological diseases......Page 482 Emission standards......Page 483 Endangered species......Page 484 Endangered Species Act (1973)......Page 485 Endemic species......Page 488 Endocrine disruptors......Page 490 Energy and the environment......Page 491 Energy conservation......Page 493 Energy efficiency......Page 494 Energy path, hard vs. soft......Page 496 Energy policy......Page 497 Energy recovery......Page 499 Energy taxes......Page 500 Environment......Page 501 Environment Canada......Page 503 Environmental aesthetics......Page 504 Environmental chemistry......Page 505 Environmental Defense......Page 508 Environmental degradation......Page 509 Environmental design......Page 510 Environmental dispute resolution......Page 512 Environmental economics......Page 513 Environmental education......Page 515 Environmental enforcement......Page 517 Environmental engineering......Page 519 Environmental estrogens......Page 521 Environmental ethics......Page 523 Environmental health......Page 524 Environmental history......Page 527 Environmental impact assessment......Page 529 Environmental Impact Statement......Page 530 Environmental law......Page 531 Environmental Law Institute......Page 533 Environmental liability......Page 534 Environmental literacy and ecocriticism......Page 535 Environmental monitoring......Page 538 Environmental policy......Page 539 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)......Page 541 Environmental refugees......Page 544 Environmental resources......Page 546 Environmental science......Page 547 Environmental stress......Page 548 Environmental Working Group......Page 549 Environmentalism......Page 550 Environmentally preferable purchasing......Page 551 Environmentally responsible investing......Page 552 Ephemeral species......Page 553 Epidemiology......Page 554 Erosion......Page 556 Escherichia coli......Page 557 Essential fish habitat......Page 559 Estuary......Page 560 Ethnobotany......Page 561 Eurasian milfoil......Page 563 European Union......Page 564 Everglades......Page 565 Evolution......Page 567 Exotic species......Page 570 Experimental Lakes Area......Page 572 Exponential growth......Page 573 Externality......Page 574 Extinction......Page 575 Exxon Valdez......Page 576 Family planning......Page 579 Famine......Page 581 Farming......Page 582 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission......Page 583 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (1972)......Page 584 Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976)......Page 586 Feedlot runoff......Page 588 Feedlots......Page 589 Filters......Page 590 Fire......Page 591 First World......Page 592 Fish kills......Page 593 Fisheries and Oceans Canada......Page 595 Floatable debris......Page 596 Flooding......Page 597 Florida panther......Page 598 Flu pandemic......Page 599 Fluidized bed combustion......Page 601 Fluoridation......Page 602 Food additives......Page 604 Food and Drug Administration......Page 607 Food chain/web......Page 608 Food irradiation......Page 610 Food policy......Page 612 Food waste......Page 613 Food-borne diseases......Page 614 Foot and mouth disease......Page 615 Stephen Alfred Forbes (1844 – 1930)......Page 617 Francois-Alphonse Forel (1841 – 1912)......Page 618 Dave Foreman (1946 – )......Page 619 Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (1974)......Page 620 Forest decline......Page 621 Forest management......Page 623 Forest Service......Page 624 Dr. Dian Fossey (1932 – 1985)......Page 625 Fossil fuels......Page 627 Four Corners......Page 629 Fox hunting......Page 630 Free riders......Page 631 Fresh water ecology......Page 632 Frogs......Page 634 Fuel cells......Page 637 Fund for Animals......Page 639 Fungicide......Page 640 Furans......Page 641 Future generations......Page 642 Gala ́pagos Islands......Page 645 Birute Marija Filomena Galdikas (1948 – )......Page 647 Game preserves......Page 648 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869 – 1948)......Page 650 Garbage......Page 651 Gardens......Page 652 Gasoline......Page 653 Gasoline tax......Page 654 Gene bank......Page 655 Gene pool......Page 656 Genetic engineering......Page 657 Genetic resistance (or genetic tolerance)......Page 659 Genetically engineered organism......Page 660 Genetically modified organism......Page 662 Geographic information systems......Page 665 Geological Survey......Page 666 Georges Bank (collapse of the ground fishery)......Page 667 Geothermal energy......Page 669 Giant panda......Page 670 Giardia......Page 671 Gibbons......Page 672 Lois Marie Gibbs (1951 – )......Page 673 Glaciation......Page 674 Henry A. Gleason (1882 – 1975)......Page 675 Glen Canyon Dam......Page 677 Global Environment Monitoring System......Page 678 Global Releaf......Page 679 Golf courses......Page 680 Good wood......Page 682 Jane Goodall (1934 – )......Page 683 Albert Gore Jr. (1948 – )......Page 685 Gorillas......Page 687 Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument......Page 688 Grasslands......Page 689 Grazing on public lands......Page 690 Great Barrier Reef......Page 692 Great Lakes......Page 694 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (1978)......Page 695 Great Smoky Mountains......Page 696 Green advertising and marketing......Page 697 Green belt/greenway......Page 698 Green Cross......Page 699 Green plans......Page 700 Green politics......Page 701 Green Seal......Page 703 Green taxes......Page 704 Greenhouse effect......Page 705 Greenpeace......Page 708 Jacques Grinevald......Page 709 Grizzly bear......Page 710 Groundwater......Page 712 Groundwater pollution......Page 713 Growth limiting factors......Page 715 Guano......Page 716 Guinea worm eradication......Page 717 Gulf War syndrome......Page 718 Gypsy moth......Page 720 Habitat......Page 723 Habitat conservation plans......Page 724 Habitat fragmentation......Page 725 Half-life......Page 726 Halons......Page 727 Hanford Nuclear Reservation......Page 728 Dr. Garrett Hardin (1915 – )......Page 730 Hawaiian Islands......Page 731 Denis Allen Hayes (1944 – )......Page 733 Hazardous material......Page 734 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (1975)......Page 735 Hazardous Substances Act (1960)......Page 736 Hazardous waste......Page 737 Hazardous waste site remediation......Page 738 Haze......Page 740 Heat (stress) index......Page 741 Heavy metals and heavy metal poisoning......Page 742 Heavy metals precipitation......Page 744 Robert Louis Heilbroner (1919 – )......Page 745 Hells Canyon......Page 746 Herbicide......Page 747 Hetch Hetchy Reservoir......Page 750 High-solids reactor......Page 751 Hiroshima, Japan......Page 752 Holistic approach......Page 753 Homeostasis......Page 754 Horseshoe crabs......Page 756 Household waste......Page 758 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest......Page 759 Hudson River......Page 760 Human ecology......Page 761 Humane Society of the United States......Page 762 Human-powered vehicles......Page 763 Hunting and trapping......Page 766 George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903 – 1991)......Page 768 Hybrid vehicles......Page 770 Hydrocarbons......Page 771 Hydrogen......Page 772 Hydrologic cycle......Page 773 Hydroponics......Page 775 Hypolimnion: Lakes......Page 777 Ice age refugia......Page 779 Incineration......Page 780 Indicator organism......Page 782 Indigenous peoples......Page 783 Indonesian forest fires......Page 784 Indoor air quality......Page 786 Industrial waste treatment......Page 788 INFORM......Page 789 Insecticide......Page 790 Integrated pest management......Page 791 Intergenerational justice......Page 793 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)......Page 794 Internalizing costs......Page 796 International Atomic Energy Agency......Page 797 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (1946)......Page 798 International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (U.N. Environmental Programme)......Page 799 International Institute for Sustainable Development......Page 800 International Primate Protection League......Page 801 International Society for Environmental Ethics......Page 802 International trade in toxic waste......Page 803 Intrinsic value......Page 805 Introduced species......Page 806 Ionizing radiation......Page 807 Irrigation......Page 808 Island biogeography......Page 809 ISO 14000: International Environmental Management Standards......Page 811 Itai-itai disease......Page 813 IUCN—The World Conservation Union......Page 814 Ivory-billed woodpecker......Page 815 Izaak Walton League......Page 816 Wes Jackson (1936 – )......Page 819 James Bay hydropower project......Page 820 Japanese logging......Page 821 Kapirowitz Plateau......Page 823 Kepone......Page 824 Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge......Page 826 Keystone species......Page 827 Kirtland’s warbler......Page 829 Krakatoa......Page 830 Joseph Wood Krutch (1893 – 1970)......Page 831 Kudzu......Page 832 Kyoto Protocol/Treaty......Page 833 La Nin ̃a......Page 837 Lake Baikal......Page 838 Lake Erie......Page 840 Lake Tahoe......Page 841 Land ethic......Page 842 Land Institute......Page 843 Land stewardship......Page 844 Land Stewardship Project......Page 845 Land trusts......Page 846 Land use......Page 848 Landfill......Page 849 Landscape ecology......Page 850 Land-use control......Page 852 Lawn treatment......Page 853 LD50......Page 855 Lead......Page 856 Lead management......Page 857 Leafy spurge......Page 859 Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (1903 – 1972)......Page 860 Mary Douglas Nicol Leakey (1913 – 1996)......Page 863 Richard Erskine Frere Leakey (1944 – )......Page 865 Leaking underground storage tank......Page 867 Aldo Leopold (1886 – 1978)......Page 868 Leukemia......Page 870 Life cycle assessment......Page 871 Limits to Growth (1972) and Beyond the Limits (1992)......Page 872 Limnology......Page 873 Liquid metal fast breeder reactor......Page 874 Liquified natural gas......Page 875 Logging......Page 876 Dr. Bjørn Lomborg (1965 – )......Page 878 Los Angeles Basin......Page 881 Love Canal......Page 883 Sir James Ephraim Lovelock (1919 – )......Page 885 Amory Bloch Lovins (1947 – )......Page 886 Low-head hydropower......Page 887 Sir Charles Lyell (1797 – 1875)......Page 888 Lysimeter......Page 889 Robert Helmer MacArthur (1930 – 1972)......Page 891 Mad cow disease......Page 892 Malaria......Page 895 Male contraceptives......Page 896 Man and the Biosphere Program......Page 897 Manatees......Page 898 Mangrove swamp......Page 900 Mariculture......Page 901 Marine ecology and biodiversity......Page 903 Marine Mammals Protection Act (1972)......Page 904 Marine pollution......Page 906 Marine protected areas......Page 908 Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (1972)......Page 910 Marsh......Page 911 Robert Marshall (1901 – 1939)......Page 912 Mass burn......Page 913 Mass extinction......Page 914 Mass transit......Page 916 Materials balance approach......Page 918 Ian Lennox McHarg (1920 – 2001)......Page 919 Bill Ernest McKibben (1960 – )......Page 920 Measurement and sensing......Page 921 Medical waste......Page 923 Mediterranean fruit fly......Page 925 Mediterranean Sea......Page 926 Chico Mendes (1944 – 1988)......Page 927 Mercury......Page 928 Metals, as contaminants......Page 929 Methane......Page 930 Methyl tertiary butyl ether......Page 931 Methylmercury seed dressings......Page 933 Mexico City, Mexico......Page 934 Microbes (microorganisms)......Page 935 Micronutrient......Page 937 Milankovitch weather cycles......Page 938 Minamata disease......Page 939 Mineral Leasing Act (1920)......Page 941 Mining, undersea......Page 942 Mission to Planet Earth (NASA)......Page 943 MMPA......Page 944 Modeling (computer applications)......Page 945 Molluscicide......Page 947 Monarch butterfly......Page 948 Mono Lake......Page 950 Monsoon......Page 951 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)......Page 952 Mount Pinatubo......Page 953 Mount St. Helens......Page 954 John Muir (1838 – 1914)......Page 955 Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act (1960)......Page 957 Multi-species management......Page 958 Municipal solid waste......Page 959 Municipal solid waste composting......Page 960 Mutation......Page 961 Mycorrhiza......Page 962 Mycotoxin......Page 963 Ralph Nader (1934 – )......Page 965 Dr. Arne Naess (1912 – )......Page 966 National Academy of Sciences......Page 968 National Ambient Air Quality Standard......Page 970 National Audubon Society......Page 971 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants......Page 972 National Environmental Policy Act (1969)......Page 973 National Estuary Program......Page 975 National forest......Page 977 National Institute for the Environment......Page 978 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)......Page 980 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health......Page 982 National lakeshore......Page 983 National Mining and Minerals Act (1970)......Page 984 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration......Page 985 National park......Page 986 National Park Service......Page 987 National Parks and Conservation Association......Page 989 National pollutant discharge elimination system......Page 990 National Recycling Coalition......Page 991 National Research Council......Page 992 National seashore......Page 993 National Wildlife Federation......Page 994 Native landscaping......Page 995 Natural resources......Page 997 Natural selection......Page 998 Nature Conservancy, The......Page 999 Dr. Scott Nearing (1883 – 1983)......Page 1000 Neoplasm......Page 1001 Neotropical migrants......Page 1002 Neurotoxin......Page 1003 New Madrid, Missouri......Page 1004 New York Bight......Page 1005 Niche......Page 1006 Nitrates and nitrites......Page 1007 Nitrogen cycle......Page 1008 Nitrogen oxides......Page 1011 Nitrous oxide......Page 1012 Noise pollution......Page 1013 Nongovernmental organization......Page 1014 Nonpoint source......Page 1015 Non-timber forest products......Page 1016 Non-Western environmental ethics......Page 1018 North American Association for Environmental Education......Page 1020 North American Free Trade Agreement......Page 1021 North American Water and Power Alliance......Page 1024 Northern spotted owl......Page 1025 NRC......Page 1027 Nuclear fission......Page 1028 Nuclear fusion......Page 1029 Nuclear power......Page 1030 Nuclear Regulatory Commission......Page 1033 Nuclear weapons......Page 1034 Nuclear winter......Page 1036 Nutrient......Page 1037 Oak Ridge, Tennessee......Page 1039 Ocean Conservatory, The......Page 1040 Ocean dumping......Page 1041 Ocean Dumping Ban Act (1988)......Page 1043 Ocean farming......Page 1044 Ocean thermal energy conversion......Page 1046 Svante Ode ́n......Page 1048 Dr. Eugene P. Odum (1913 – )......Page 1049 Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management......Page 1050 Office of Surface Mining......Page 1051 Off-road vehicles......Page 1052 Ogallala Aquifer......Page 1053 Oil drilling......Page 1054 Oil embargo......Page 1055 Oil spills......Page 1057 Old-growth forest......Page 1060 Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. (1822 – 1903)......Page 1062 Open marsh water management......Page 1063 Opportunistic organism......Page 1065 Orangutan......Page 1066 Oregon silverspot butterfly......Page 1067 Organic gardening and farming......Page 1068 Organic waste......Page 1070 Organochloride......Page 1071 David W. Orr (1944 – )......Page 1072 Our Common Future (Brundtland Report)......Page 1073 Overfishing......Page 1074 Overgrazing......Page 1076 Overhunting......Page 1077 Oxidation reduction reactions......Page 1078 Ozonation......Page 1079 Ozone layer depletion......Page 1080 Paleoecology/paleolimnology......Page 1085 PAN......Page 1086 Pareto optimality (Maximum social welfare)......Page 1087 Parrots and parakeets......Page 1088 Partnership for Pollution Prevention......Page 1089 Parts per million......Page 1090 Passive solar design......Page 1091 John Arthur Passmore (1914 – )......Page 1092 Pathogen......Page 1093 Peat soils......Page 1094 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals......Page 1095 Peptides......Page 1096 Peregrine falcon......Page 1097 Perfluorooctane sulfonate......Page 1098 Permaculture......Page 1099 Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)......Page 1101 Persian Gulf War......Page 1102 Persistent compound......Page 1103 Persistent organic pollutants......Page 1104 Pesticide......Page 1106 Pesticide Action Network......Page 1108 Pesticide residue......Page 1109 Pet trade......Page 1111 Roger Tory Peterson (1908 – 1996)......Page 1112 Petroleum......Page 1113 pH......Page 1116 Phosphates......Page 1117 Phosphorus removal......Page 1119 Photodegradable plastic......Page 1120 Photoperiod......Page 1121 Photovoltaic cell......Page 1122 Phytoremediation......Page 1124 Gifford Pinchot (1865 – 1946)......Page 1126 Placer mining......Page 1128 Plague......Page 1129 Plastics......Page 1131 Plate tectonics......Page 1133 Poaching......Page 1135 Point source......Page 1137 Pollination......Page 1138 Pollution......Page 1140 Pollution control......Page 1141 Pollution credits......Page 1143 Pollution Prevention Act (1990)......Page 1144 Nicholas Polunin (1909 – 1997)......Page 1145 Polybrominated biphenyls......Page 1146 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons......Page 1147 Population biology......Page 1148 Population Council......Page 1149 Population growth......Page 1150 Eliot Furness Porter (1901 – 1990)......Page 1153 Posterity......Page 1154 Postmodernism and environmental ethics......Page 1155 John Wesley Powell (1834 – 1902)......Page 1156 Power plants......Page 1157 Prairie......Page 1159 Prairie dogs......Page 1160 Precycling......Page 1161 Predator control......Page 1162 Prescribed burning......Page 1163 Price-Anderson Act (1957)......Page 1166 Primary pollutant......Page 1167 Primary standards......Page 1168 Prince William Sound......Page 1170 Privatization movement......Page 1171 Project Eco-School......Page 1172 Propellants......Page 1173 Public interest group......Page 1175 Public Lands Council......Page 1176 Puget Sound/Georgia Basin International Task Force......Page 1177 Pulp and paper mills......Page 1179 Purple loosestrife......Page 1180 PVC......Page 1181 David Quaamen (1948 – )......Page 1183 Rabbits in Australia......Page 1185 Rachel Carson Council......Page 1186 Radiation exposure......Page 1187 Radiation sickness......Page 1188 Radioactive fal In this third edition reference, two hefty volumes contain some 1,300 alphabetically arranged articles relevant to the broad field of environmental studies. Layed out in a two-column format, the signed entries are written in plain language by contributors with scientific background as well as versatile freelance writers (all are identified). Entries range in length from a single paragraph defining a term (e.g. adaptation, acute effects, permeable, rain shadow) to several pages on processes and the significance of, for example biomass fuel, earthquakes, famines, ocean dumping, and solid waste. Many entries include up to about a half dozen book & periodical resources; all are cross-referenced through the use of boldface type within the article (a somewhat distracting method of referral). The second volume appends a historical chronology, a chronology of environmental legislation in the US, a listing of organizations, and a general index. There is no thematic index, which would be a useful addition to a future edition. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR