Environmental and Social Justice Challenges near America's Most Popular Museums, Parks, Zoos and Other Heritage Attractions

"This book examines environmental and social justice challenges near America's most popular heritage attractions. These include over 100 places that host national parks (e.g., Glacier, Yellowstone), zoos (e.g., Bronx, Henry Doorly), urban parks (e.g., Central Park, Fairmount), grand concourses (e.g., 5th Avenue, Massachusetts Avenue), and multiple museums and galleries (e.g., National Gallery, Getty). The book includes measurements of demographics, air quality/distance from hazards, health outcomes, and urban assets in the areas immediately surrounding these heritage sites and compares them with adjacent areas and their host cities or states. It considers the history of justice-related-issues near the sites and evaluates what owners, managers and communities are doing to address gentrification, displacement, the legacy of redlining and other challenges, such as the animal rights movement, climate change/sustainability, and tight budgets. The book examines what some host cities are doing about affordable housing and what some heritage sites have done in establishing constructive relationships with surrounding communities. The book should have two primary audiences. One is the strong and growing social and environmental justice community that has increasingly been scrutinizing parks and other icons for evidence of injustice. This book will interest them, even though all the results do not necessarily support their positions. The second audience is businesses, not-for-profits, and government agencies who manage parks, zoos, museums, and other attractions and need to understand what is happening near their sites and what they can do to be better neighbours."--Cover page 4 Preface Acknowledgments Contents List of Figures List of Tables Part I: Context and Design Chapter 1: Creating Attractions and Tolerating Inequity 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Processes Leading to Wealth and Health Clusters Around Heritage Sites 1.2.1 The Industrial Revolution, 1800–1960s: Building Wealth, Heritage Sites and Injustice 1.2.2 Erosion of the U.S. Manufacturing Base and Emergence of Leisure and Hospitality Industries: The 1960s–1980s 1.2.3 Redlining, Gentrification, and the Primacy of Economic Growth Beliefs 1.2.4 Social and Environmental Justice 1.3 Five Key Themes 1.4 This Volume References Chapter 2: Designing a Multiple-Scale and Multiple-Metric Data Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Finding Heritage Attraction Sites 2.3 Finding and Using Data 2.3.1 Shapes for Collecting Data: The Census Tract Challenge 2.3.2 Selection of Metrics and Statistical Tools 2.3.3 Displaying the Data as Maps 2.4 Expanding the Search for Non-Heritage Attraction Cluster Sites References Part II: Case Studies Chapter 3: America’s Forever Beautiful Heritage Attraction Sites: The U.S.’s Most Popular National Parks 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data and Methods 3.2.1 Choosing National Park Sites 3.2.2 Choosing Metrics 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Comparisons Among the National Park Areas and Their Hosts 3.3.2 Associations Among the Environmental, Demographic, Public Health and Built Environment Metrics 3.4 National Parks and the Justice Challenge 3.4.1 Glacier National Park 3.4.2 Indiana Dunes National Park 3.5 Discussion References Chapter 4: Remnants of the Industrial Revolution: America’s Historic Grand Concourses as Heritage Attractions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Data and Methods 4.3 Results 4.4 Grand Concourses and the Evolutions of their Cities 4.4.1 Group 1: The Grand Concourse 4.4.2 Group 2: The EJ-SJ Challenges of Five Midwest Industrial Revolution Cities 4.4.3 Group 3: Four Southern and Western Grand Avenues with Symbolic Advantages and Challenges 4.4.4 Group 4: Grand Concourses Remaining Grand 4.5 Discussion References Chapter 5: Zoos as Endangered Attractions 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Data and Methods 5.3 Results 5.4 Zoos: Responding to Multiple Challenges 5.4.1 Animal Rights 5.4.2 Zoos at the Intersection of Social and Environmental Justice 5.5 Discussion References Chapter 6: America’ Iconic Urban Parks and the Gentrification Challenge 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Data and Methods 6.3 Results 6.4 Large Urban Parks at the Heart of a Balancing Act 6.4.1 Four Urban Parks in Industrial Cities 6.4.2 Western Cities 6.4.3 Five Major Parks in Four Symbolic Cities 6.5 Discussion References Chapter 7: Museums, the Building of Wealth Clusters and Soft Power 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Data and Methods 7.3 Results 7.4 The Tension Between Building Soft Power, Accumulation of Wealth, and Preserving Communities 7.4.1 Metropolitan Regions with Less than Five Million 7.4.2 Metropolitan Regions with More than Five Million 7.5 Discussion References Part III: Looking for Other Species of Heritage Sites and Better Solutions Chapter 8: Other Species of Heritage Sites: Commercial and Political Symbols 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Data and Methods 8.3 Results 8.4 Different Species of Attractions 8.4.1 Group 2 Attractions 8.4.2 Group 1 Attractions 8.5 Discussion References Chapter 9: Looking for Better Affordable Housing Solutions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The U.S. Federal Government’s Housing Policies 9.3 Gentrification Is the Answer But What Is the Question? 9.4 Looking Around the Country for Evidence of Providing Affordable Housing and Including Heritage Attractions 9.5 Looking at the OECD Nations and Beyond 9.6 Discussion References Chapter 10: Epilogue: Summary and Looking Forward 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Summary 10.3 Looking Forward 10.3.1 Improved Monitoring Capacity 10.3.2 Coping with Low Probability: High Consequence Hazards and Cascading Effects 10.3.3 Demographic Change and Growing Disparities 10.3.4 Managing Increasing Uncertainty References Index