Enterprise Cloud Computing : Technology, Architecture, Applications

"Cloud computing promises to revolutionize IT and business by making computing available as a utility over the internet. This book is intended primarily for practising software architects who need to assess the impact of such a transformation. It explains the evolution of the internet into a cloud computing platform, describes emerging development paradigms and technologies, and discusses how these will change the way enterprise applications should be architected for cloud deployment. Gautam Shroff provides a technical description of cloud computing technologies, covering cloud infrastructure and platform services, programming paradigms such as MapReduce, as well as 'do-it-yourself' hosted development tools. He also describes emerging technologies critical to cloud computing. The book also covers the fundamentals of enterprise computing, including a technical introduction to enterprise architecture, so it will interest programmers aspiring to become software architects and serve as a reference for a graduate-level course in software architecture or software engineering"-- Provided by publisher Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 13 Abbreivations......Page 16 Part I: Computing platforms......Page 19 1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 21 1.2 MAINFRAME ARCHITECTURE......Page 23 1.3 CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE......Page 25 1.4 3-TIER ARCHITECTURES WITH TP MONITORS......Page 28 2.1 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND WEB-ENABLED APPLICATIONS......Page 34 2.2 WEB APPLICATION SERVERS......Page 37 2.3 INTERNET OF SERVICES......Page 40 3.1 EMERGENCE OF SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE......Page 45 3.2 SUCCESSFUL SAAS ARCHITECTURES......Page 47 3.3 DEV 2.0 PLATFORMS......Page 49 3.4 CLOUD COMPUTING......Page 50 3.5 DEV 2.0 IN THE CLOUD FOR ENTERPRISES......Page 54 CHAPTER 4 Enterprise architecture: role and evolution......Page 57 4.2 ENTERPRISE COMPONENTS......Page 58 4.3 APPLICATION INTEGRATION AND SOA......Page 60 4.4.1 Unformity or best of breed......Page 62 4.4.2 Network and data security......Page 63 4.4.3 Implementation architectures and quick-wins......Page 64 4.5 DATA CENTER INFRASTRUCTURE: COPING WITH COMPLEXITY......Page 65 Part II: Cloud platforms......Page 67 5.1 INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE: AMAZON EC2......Page 69 5.2 PLATFORM AS A SERVICE: GOOGLE APP ENGINE......Page 74 5.2.1 Google Datastore......Page 75 5.3 MICROSOFT AZURE......Page 78 6.1 IS CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE CHEAPER?......Page 82 6.1.1 IaaS economics......Page 83 6.2 ECONOMICS OF PRIVATE CLOUDS......Page 85 6.2.1 Economics of PaaS vs. IaaS......Page 88 6.3 SOFTWARE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE CLOUD......Page 89 6.4 ECONOMIES OF SCALE: PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE CLOUDS......Page 91 Part III: Cloud technologies......Page 93 7.1 WEB SERVICES: SOAP AND REST......Page 95 7.1.1 SOAP/WSDL Web services......Page 96 7.1.2 REST web services......Page 98 7.2 SOAP VERSUS REST......Page 101 7.3 AJAX: ASYNCHRONOUS `RICH' INTERFACES......Page 103 7.4 MASHUPS: USER INTERFACE SERVICES......Page 105 8.1 VIRTUAL MACHINE TECHNOLOGY......Page 107 8.1.1 System virtual machines......Page 109 8.1.2 Virtual machines and elastic computing......Page 111 8.1.3 Virtual machine migration......Page 112 8.2.1 Security through virtualization......Page 113 8.2.2 Desktop virtualization and application streaming......Page 114 8.2.3 Server consolidation......Page 116 8.2.4 Automating infrastructure management......Page 118 8.3 PITFALLS OF VIRTUALIZATION......Page 121 CHAPTER 9 Multi-tenant software......Page 122 9.1 MULTI-ENTITY SUPPORT......Page 123 9.2 MULTI-SCHEMA APPROACH......Page 125 9.3 MULTI-TENANCY USING CLOUD DATA STORES......Page 127 9.4 DATA ACCESS CONTROL FOR ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS......Page 129 Part IV: Cloud development......Page 133 CHAPTER 10 Data in the cloud......Page 135 10.1 RELATIONAL DATABASES......Page 136 10.2 CLOUD FILE SYSTEMS: GFS AND HDFS......Page 139 10.3 BIGTABLE, HBASE AND DYNAMO......Page 141 10.4 CLOUD DATA STORES: DATASTORE AND SIMPLEDB......Page 146 11.1 PARALLEL COMPUTING......Page 149 11.2 THE MAPREDUCE MODEL......Page 152 11.3 PARALLEL EFFICIENCY OF MAPREDUCE......Page 155 11.4 RELATIONAL OPERATIONS USING MAPREDUCE......Page 157 11.5 ENTERPRISE BATCH PROCESSING USING MAPREDUCE......Page 160 CHAPTER 12 Dev 2.0 platforms......Page 162 12.1 SALESFORCE.COM'S FORCE.COM PLATFORM......Page 163 12.2 TCS INSTANTAPPS ON AMAZON CLOUD......Page 166 12.3 MORE DEV 2.0 PLATFORMS AND RELATED EFFORTS......Page 171 12.4 ADVANTAGES, APPLICABILITY AND LIMITS OF DEV 2.0......Page 172 Part V: Software architecture......Page 177 13.1 ANATOMY OF A LARGE ENTERPRISE......Page 179 13.2 PARTNERS: PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS......Page 182 13.3 PRODUCTS......Page 185 13.4 ORDERS: SALES AND PURCHASES......Page 186 13.5 EXECUTION: TRACKING WORK......Page 188 13.6 BILLING......Page 190 13.7 ACCOUNTING......Page 192 13.8 ENTERPRISE PROCESSES, BUILD VS. BUY AND SAAS......Page 194 14.1 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR ENTERPRISE COMPONENTS......Page 196 14.2.1 Layered MVC and the AJAX Paradigm......Page 198 14.2.2 Common UI patterns......Page 200 14.2.3 Formal models and frameworks......Page 202 14.3.1 What does business logic do?......Page 206 14.3.2 Rule-based computing......Page 208 14.3.3 Modeling business logic using MapReduce......Page 210 14.4 INSIDE DEV 2.0: MODEL DRIVEN INTERPRETERS......Page 212 14.4.1 Multi-tenant Dev 2.0: application virtualization......Page 215 14.5 SECURITY, ERROR HANDLING, TRANSACTIONS AND WORKFLOW......Page 216 14.5.1 Application security......Page 217 14.5.2 Error handling......Page 218 14.5.3 Transaction management......Page 219 15.1 IMPLEMENTING WORKFLOW IN AN APPLICATION......Page 221 15.2 WORKFLOW META-MODEL USING ECA RULES......Page 223 15.3 ECA WORKFLOW ENGINE......Page 225 15.4 USING AN EXTERNAL WORKFLOW ENGINE......Page 228 15.5 PROCESS MODELING AND BPMN......Page 229 15.6 WORKFLOW IN THE CLOUD......Page 234 CHAPTER 16 Enterprise analytics and search......Page 235 16.1 ENTERPRISE KNOWLEDGE: GOALS AND APPROACHES......Page 236 16.2.1 Data warehousing......Page 237 16.2.2 OLAP on a star schema......Page 239 16.2.3 OLAP using MapReduce......Page 241 16.3 TEXT AND DATA MINING......Page 243 16.3.1 Data classification......Page 245 16.3.2 Computing the SVD using MapReduce......Page 249 16.3.3 Clustering data......Page 251 16.3.4 Anomaly detection......Page 252 16.4.1 Enterprise search......Page 253 16.4.2 Indexing and search using MapReduce......Page 254 16.4.3 Latent semantic indexing......Page 255 16.4.4 Searching structured data......Page 256 Part VI: Enterprise cloud computing......Page 259 CHAPTER 17 Enterprise cloud computing ecosystem......Page 261 17.1 PUBLIC CLOUD PROVIDERS......Page 262 17.2 CLOUD MANAGEMENT PLATFORMS AND TOOLS......Page 264 17.3 TOOLS FOR BUILDING PRIVATE CLOUDS......Page 265 17.3.1 IaaS using Eucalyptus......Page 266 17.3.2 PaaS on IaaS: AppScale......Page 269 CHAPTER 18 Roadmap for enterprise cloud computing......Page 271 18.1.1 Development and testing......Page 272 18.1.4 Low/Variable volume 24×7 portals......Page 273 18.1.6 Mobile enterprise applications......Page 274 18.2 FUTURE OF ENTERPRISE CLOUD COMPUTING......Page 275 18.2.1 Commoditization of the data center......Page 276 18.2.2 Inter-operating Virtualized Data Centers......Page 277 18.2.3 Convergence of private and public clouds......Page 278 18.2.4 Generalized ‘cloud’ services......Page 279 References......Page 282 Index......Page 287 Cover 1 Half-title 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Preface 13 Abbreivations 16 Part I: Computing platforms 19 CHAPTER 1 Enterprise computing: a retrospective 21 1.1 INTRODUCTION 21 1.2 MAINFRAME ARCHITECTURE 23 1.3 CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE 25 1.4 3-TIER ARCHITECTURES WITH TP MONITORS 28 CHAPTER 2 The internet as a platform 34 2.1 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND WEB-ENABLED APPLICATIONS 34 2.2 WEB APPLICATION SERVERS 37 2.3 INTERNET OF SERVICES 40 CHAPTER 3 Software as a service and cloud computing 45 3.1 EMERGENCE OF SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE 45 3.2 SUCCESSFUL SAAS ARCHITECTURES 47 3.3 DEV 2.0 PLATFORMS 49 3.4 CLOUD COMPUTING 50 3.5 DEV 2.0 IN THE CLOUD FOR ENTERPRISES 54 CHAPTER 4 Enterprise architecture: role and evolution 57 4.1 ENTERPRISE DATA AND PROCESSES 58 4.2 ENTERPRISE COMPONENTS 58 4.3 APPLICATION INTEGRATION AND SOA 60 4.4 ENTERPRISE TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURE 62 4.4.1 Unformity or best of breed 62 4.4.2 Network and data security 63 4.4.3 Implementation architectures and quick-wins 64 4.5 DATA CENTER INFRASTRUCTURE: COPING WITH COMPLEXITY 65 Part II: Cloud platforms 67 CHAPTER 5 Cloud computing platforms 69 5.1 INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE: AMAZON EC2 69 5.2 PLATFORM AS A SERVICE: GOOGLE APP ENGINE 74 5.2.1 Google Datastore 75 5.2.2 Amazon SimpleDB 78 5.3 MICROSOFT AZURE 78 CHAPTER 6 Cloud computing economics 82 6.1 IS CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE CHEAPER? 82 6.1.1 IaaS economics 83 6.2 ECONOMICS OF PRIVATE CLOUDS 85 6.2.1 Economics of PaaS vs. IaaS 88 6.3 SOFTWARE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE CLOUD 89 6.4 ECONOMIES OF SCALE: PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE CLOUDS 91 Part III: Cloud technologies 93 CHAPTER 7 Web services, AJAX and mashups 95 7.1 WEB SERVICES: SOAP AND REST 95 7.1.1 SOAP/WSDL Web services 96 7.1.2 REST web services 98 7.2 SOAP VERSUS REST 101 7.3 AJAX: ASYNCHRONOUS `RICH' INTERFACES 103 7.4 MASHUPS: USER INTERFACE SERVICES 105 CHAPTER 8 Virtualization technology 107 8.1 VIRTUAL MACHINE TECHNOLOGY 107 8.1.1 System virtual machines 109 8.1.2 Virtual machines and elastic computing 111 8.1.3 Virtual machine migration 112 8.2 VIRTUALIZATION APPLICATIONS IN ENTERPRISES 113 8.2.1 Security through virtualization 113 8.2.2 Desktop virtualization and application streaming 114 8.2.3 Server consolidation 116 8.2.4 Automating infrastructure management 118 8.3 PITFALLS OF VIRTUALIZATION 121 CHAPTER 9 Multi-tenant software 122 9.1 MULTI-ENTITY SUPPORT 123 9.2 MULTI-SCHEMA APPROACH 125 9.3 MULTI-TENANCY USING CLOUD DATA STORES 127 9.4 DATA ACCESS CONTROL FOR ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 129 Part IV: Cloud development 133 CHAPTER 10 Data in the cloud 135 10.1 RELATIONAL DATABASES 136 10.2 CLOUD FILE SYSTEMS: GFS AND HDFS 139 10.3 BIGTABLE, HBASE AND DYNAMO 141 10.4 CLOUD DATA STORES: DATASTORE AND SIMPLEDB 146 CHAPTER 11 MapReduce and extensions 149 11.1 PARALLEL COMPUTING 149 11.2 THE MAPREDUCE MODEL 152 11.3 PARALLEL EFFICIENCY OF MAPREDUCE 155 11.4 RELATIONAL OPERATIONS USING MAPREDUCE 157 11.5 ENTERPRISE BATCH PROCESSING USING MAPREDUCE 160 CHAPTER 12 Dev 2.0 platforms 162 12.1 SALESFORCE.COM'S FORCE.COM PLATFORM 163 12.2 TCS INSTANTAPPS ON AMAZON CLOUD 166 12.3 MORE DEV 2.0 PLATFORMS AND RELATED EFFORTS 171 12.4 ADVANTAGES, APPLICABILITY AND LIMITS OF DEV 2.0 172 Part V: Software architecture 177 CHAPTER 13 Enterprise software: ERP, SCM, CRM 179 13.1 ANATOMY OF A LARGE ENTERPRISE 179 13.2 PARTNERS: PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS 182 13.3 PRODUCTS 185 13.4 ORDERS: SALES AND PURCHASES 186 13.5 EXECUTION: TRACKING WORK 188 13.6 BILLING 190 13.7 ACCOUNTING 192 13.8 ENTERPRISE PROCESSES, BUILD VS. BUY AND SAAS 194 CHAPTER 14 Custom enterprise applications and Dev 2.0 196 14.1 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR ENTERPRISE COMPONENTS 196 14.2 USER INTERFACE PATTERNS AND BASIC TRANSACTIONS 198 14.2.1 Layered MVC and the AJAX Paradigm 198 14.2.2 Common UI patterns 200 14.2.3 Formal models and frameworks 202 14.3 BUSINESS LOGIC AND RULE-BASED COMPUTING 206 14.3.1 What does business logic do? 206 14.3.2 Rule-based computing 208 14.3.3 Modeling business logic using MapReduce 210 14.4 INSIDE DEV 2.0: MODEL DRIVEN INTERPRETERS 212 14.4.1 Multi-tenant Dev 2.0: application virtualization 215 14.5 SECURITY, ERROR HANDLING, TRANSACTIONS AND WORKFLOW 216 14.5.1 Application security 217 14.5.2 Error handling 218 14.5.3 Transaction management 219 CHAPTER 15 Workflow and business processes 221 15.1 IMPLEMENTING WORKFLOW IN AN APPLICATION 221 15.2 WORKFLOW META-MODEL USING ECA RULES 223 15.3 ECA WORKFLOW ENGINE 225 15.4 USING AN EXTERNAL WORKFLOW ENGINE 228 15.5 PROCESS MODELING AND BPMN 229 15.6 WORKFLOW IN THE CLOUD 234 CHAPTER 16 Enterprise analytics and search 235 16.1 ENTERPRISE KNOWLEDGE: GOALS AND APPROACHES 236 16.2 BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE 237 16.2.1 Data warehousing 237 16.2.2 OLAP on a star schema 239 16.2.3 OLAP using MapReduce 241 16.2.4 Parallel efficiency of OLAP using MapReduce: 243 16.3 TEXT AND DATA MINING 243 16.3.1 Data classification 245 16.3.2 Computing the SVD using MapReduce 249 16.3.3 Clustering data 251 16.3.4 Anomaly detection 252 16.4 TEXT AND DATABASE SEARCH 253 16.4.1 Enterprise search 253 16.4.2 Indexing and search using MapReduce 254 16.4.3 Latent semantic indexing 255 16.4.4 Searching structured data 256 Part VI: Enterprise cloud computing 259 CHAPTER 17 Enterprise cloud computing ecosystem 261 17.1 PUBLIC CLOUD PROVIDERS 262 17.2 CLOUD MANAGEMENT PLATFORMS AND TOOLS 264 17.3 TOOLS FOR BUILDING PRIVATE CLOUDS 265 17.3.1 IaaS using Eucalyptus 266 17.3.2 PaaS on IaaS: AppScale 269 CHAPTER 18 Roadmap for enterprise cloud computing 271 18.1 QUICK WINS USING PUBLIC CLOUDS 272 18.1.1 Development and testing 272 18.1.2 Analytics in the cloud 273 18.1.3 Disaster planning in the cloud 273 18.1.4 Low/Variable volume 24×7 portals 273 18.1.5 Enterprise mashup portals 274 18.1.6 Mobile enterprise applications 274 18.1.7 Situational applications using Dev 2.0 275 18.2 FUTURE OF ENTERPRISE CLOUD COMPUTING 275 18.2.1 Commoditization of the data center 276 18.2.2 Inter-operating Virtualized Data Centers 277 18.2.3 Convergence of private and public clouds 278 18.2.4 Generalized ‘cloud’ services 279 References 282 Index 287 Get your best grades with this Cambridge International AS and A Level Business Studies Revision Guide.- Manage your own revision with step-by-step support from experienced examiners Sandie Harrison and David Milner- Maintain an appropriate international focus in exams with examples and case studies from around the world- Get the top marks by applying business studies terms accurately with the help of definitions and key wordsUse the Revision Guide to prepare for the big day:- Plan and pace your revision with the revision planner- Use the expert tips to clarify key points- Test yourself with rapid-fire questions and answers and tick off each topic as you complete it- Practise your exam skills with exam-style questionsAlso available: Cambridge International AS and A Level Business Studies textbook by Malcolm Surridge and Andrew Gillespie (ISBN: 9781444181395).This title has not been through the Cambridge endorsement process. Machine generated contents note: Preface; Part I. Computing Platforms: 1. Enterprise computing: a retrospective; 2. The internet as a platform; 3. Software as a service and cloud computing; 4. Enterprise architecture: role and evolution; Part II. Cloud Platforms: 5. Cloud computing platforms; 6. Cloud computing economics; Part III. Cloud Technologies: 7. Web services, AJAX and mashups; 8. Virtualization technology; 9. Multi-tenant software; Part IV. Cloud Development: 10. Data in the cloud; 11. MapReduce and extensions; 12. Dev 2.0 platforms; Part V. Software Architecture: 13. Enterprise software: ERP, SCM, CRM; 14. Custom enterprise applications and Dev 2.0; 15. Workflow and business processes; 16. Enterprise analytics and search; Part VI. Enterprise Cloud Computing: 17. Enterprise cloud computing ecosystem; 18. Roadmap for enterprise cloud computing; List of abbreviations; References; Index. Cloud computing promises to fundamentally revolutionize enterprise IT systems across industries such as financial services, retail, telecom, government and education. Primarily intended for practising software architects, this book explains the evolution of the internet into a cloud computing platform and describes emerging development paradigms and technologies.