Enrichment at the Claimant's Expense: Attribution Rules in Unjust Enrichment (Hart Studies in Private Law)

This book presents an account of attribution in unjust enrichment. Attribution refers to how and when two parties—a claimant and a defendant—are relevantly connected to each other for unjust enrichment purposes. It is reflected in the familiar expression that a defendant be ‘enriched at the claimant’s expense’. This book presents a structured account of attribution, consisting of two requirements: first, the identification of an enrichment to the defendant and a loss to the claimant; and, secondly, the identification of a connection between that enrichment and that loss. These two requirements must be kept separate from other considerations often subsumed within the expression ‘enrichment at the claimant’s expense’ which in truth have nothing to do with attribution, and which instead qualify unjust enrichment liability for reasons that should be analysed in their own terms. The structure of attribution so presented fits a normative account of unjust enrichment based upon each party’s exchange capacities. A defendant is enriched when he receives something that he has not paid for under prevailing market conditions, while a claimant suffers a loss when he loses the opportunity to charge for something under the same conditions. A counterfactual test—asking whether enrichment and loss arise ‘but for’ each other—provides the best generalisation for testing whether enrichment and loss are connected, thereby satisfying the requirements of attribution in unjust enrichment. The law is stated as at 25 January 2016. Volume 18 in the series Hart Studies in Private Law Présentation de l'éditeur : "This book presents an account of attribution in unjust enrichment. Attribution refers to how and when two parties - a claimant and a defendant - are relevantly connected to each other for unjust enrichment purposes. It is reflected in the familiar expression that a defendant be 'enriched at the claimant's expense'. This book presents a structured account of attribution, consisting of two requirements: first, the identification of an enrichment to the defendant and a loss to the claimant; and, secondly, the identification of a connection between that enrichment and that loss. These two requirements must be kept separate from other considerations often subsumed within the expression 'enrichment at the claimant's expense' which in truth have nothing to do with attribution, and which instead qualify unjust enrichment liability for reasons that should be analysed in their own terms. The structure of attribution so presented fits a normative account of unjust enrichment based upon each party's exchange capacities. A defendant is enriched when he receives something that he has not paid for under prevailing market conditions, while a claimant suffers a loss when he loses the opportunity to charge for something under the same conditions. A counterfactual test - asking whether enrichment and loss arise 'but for' each other - provides the best generalisation for testing whether enrichment and loss are connected, thereby satisfying the requirements of attribution in unjust enrichment." "This book presents an account of attribution in unjust enrichment. Attribution refers to how and when two parties--a claimant and a defendant--are relevantly connected to each other for unjust enrichment purposes. It is reflected in the familiar expression that a defendant be 'enriched at the claimant's expense'. This book presents a structured account of attribution, consisting of two requirements: first, the identification of an enrichment to the defendant and a loss to the claimant; and, secondly, the identification of a connection between that enrichment and that loss. These two requirements must be kept separate from other considerations often subsumed within the expression 'enrichment at the claimant's expense' which in truth have nothing to do with attribution, and which instead qualify unjust enrichment liability for reasons that should be analysed in their own terms. The structure of attribution so presented fits a normative account of unjust enrichment based upon each party's exchange capacities. A defendant is enriched when he receives something that he has not paid for under prevailing market conditions, while a claimant suffers a loss when he loses the opportunity to charge for something under the same conditions. A counterfactual test--asking whether enrichment and loss arise 'but for' each other--provides the best generalisation for testing whether enrichment and loss are connected, thereby satisfying the requirements of attribution in unjust enrichment." --publisher's description FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TABLE OF CASES TABLE OF LEGISLATION Introduction (A) Aim (B) Methodology (C) Normativity (D) Structure (E) Limits Part I: Defining Enrichment and Loss 1 The Exchange Capacity (A) Corrective Justice (B) Debunking Transfer of Value (C) Value and Exchange (D) What Interest Engages Unjust Enrichment? (E) The Exchange Capacity and Liability for Unjust Enrichment (F) The Remedy for Unjust Enrichment (G) Enrichment and Loss 2 Enrichment (A) Two Kinds of Enrichment (B) Enrichment and the Exchange Capacity 3 Loss (A) Must the Claimant Suffer a Loss? (B) Is Restitution "Capped" by Loss?74 Part II: Connecting Enrichment and Loss 4 Connections (A) Single Connections (B) Multiple Connections 5 Generalisations (A) Transfer (B) Causal and Counterfactual Analyses (C) Counterfactual Inquiry and the Exchange Capacity 6 Transactions (A) Following and Tracing (B) The Nature and Rationales of Tracing (C) Tracing and Unjust Enrichment (D) Transactions and the Counterfactual Inquiry (E) Tracing and Proprietary Restitution Part III: Qualifying Liability 7 Qualification (A) Contract (B) Property (C) Equity (D) Insolvency (E) Abandonment (F) Pragmatic Considerations (G) Generalisation (H) Expansion and Contraction Conclusion Bibliography Index Foreword / Justice James Edelman -- Introduction -- The Exchange Capacity -- Enrichment -- Loss -- Connections -- Generalisations -- Transactions -- Qualification -- Conclusion. Eli Ball. Based On Author's Thesis (doctoral - University Of Oxford, 2014). Includes Bibliographical References And Index.