Enhancing Agricultural Innovation: How to Go Beyond the Strengthening of Research Systems (Agriculture and Rural Development Series)

An innovation system can be defined as a network of organizations, enterprises, and individuals demanding and supplying knowledge and bringing it into a social and economic use. This book's primary aim, therefore, is to focus on the largely unexplored operational aspects of the innvoation systems concept and to explore its potential for agriculture. 'Enhancing Agricultural Innovation' evaluates real-world innovation systems and assesses the usefulness of the concept in guiding investments to support knowledge-intensive, sustainable agricultural development. A typology of innovation systems is developed; strategies to guide investments for strengthening innovation capacity are drawn up; and concrete interventions options defined. In its conclusions, the book emphasizes the importance of mechanisms for collaboration and interaction. Intermediary organizations, innovation councils, farmer organizations, and other means to strengthen collaboration are central to creating the exchange of knowledge and perspectives that will convert knowledge into valuable new social and economic products and services. CONTENTS......Page 6 Boxes, Figures, and Tables......Page 8 Preface......Page 12 Executive Summary......Page 14 Acknowledgments......Page 24 Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 26 Knowledge Generation and Application in a Changing Agricultural Context......Page 28 Toward Operational Agricultural Innovation Systems......Page 35 Grounding the Innovation Systems Concept in the “New Agriculture”......Page 36 Organization of This Study......Page 38 2. The Innovation Systems Concept: A Framework for Analysis......Page 39 Origins of the Innovation Systems Concept......Page 40 Key Insights from the Innovation Systems Concept for Diagnostic and Intervention Frameworks......Page 45 Innovation Systems and Value Chains......Page 51 2.6 Reducing Rural Poverty by Linking Farmer Organizations with Public-Private Partnerships in China......Page 52 Toward Practical Applications of the Innovation Systems Concept......Page 58 Research Methodology......Page 59 Case Study Selection......Page 61 Case Study Descriptions......Page 62 Actors, Their Roles, and the Attitudes and Practices That Shape Their Roles......Page 75 Attitudes and Practices......Page 81 The Enabling Environment......Page 86 Summary of the Analysis of Innovation Capacity in the Case Studies......Page 88 The Nature of Contemporary Agricultural Challenges......Page 93 Key Characteristics of Innovation across the Case Studies......Page 95 Common Interventions and Their Limits......Page 104 An Intervention Framework for Developing Agricultural Innovation Systems......Page 111 The Pre-Planned Phase in the Orchestrated Trajectory......Page 117 The Foundation Phase......Page 119 The Expansion Phase......Page 120 The Emergence Phase......Page 122 The Stagnation Phase......Page 124 A Dynamic System of Innovation......Page 126 The Nature of Innovation: Nine Findings......Page 132 The Value of the Innovation Systems Concept......Page 138 Implications for the World Bank......Page 140 Annex A: Agricultural Innovation Systems: A Methodology for Diagnostic Assessments......Page 144 Annex B: Case Studies and Authors......Page 156 Annex C: Case Study Detailed Summary Tables......Page 158 Notes......Page 172 References......Page 174 Index......Page 178 1.2 The Changing Process of Knowledge Generation and Use......Page 29 1.3 Increased Market Demand and Policy Change Close the Yield Gap in Maize Production in India......Page 32 1.4 Changing Approaches to Investing in Innovation Capacity......Page 33 2.1 Two Views of Innovation:The Linear and Innovation Systems Models......Page 41 2.2 Knowledge and the Competitiveness of the Chilean Salmon Industry, Past and Future......Page 43 2.3 Theoretical Underpinnings of Innovation Systems......Page 44 2.4 Small-Scale Equipment Manufacturers and the Adoption of Zero Tillage in South Asia......Page 47 2.5 Including Stakeholders’ Demands in the Agricultural Innovation System: Mexico’s Produce Foundations......Page 50 2.7 Community-Driven Development and Agricultural Innovation Systems......Page 53 2.8 Participatory, Grassroots, and Multistakeholder Approaches to Overcome Limitations of the Linear Model......Page 56 3.1 A Checklist for Conducting Diagnostic Assessments and Developing Interventions Based on the Innovation Systems Concept......Page 60 4.1 Who Gets to Innovate? Picking Winners versus Enabling Winners to Pick Themselves......Page 77 5.1 Farmer Organizations and a New Extension Approach Accelerate Agricultural Innovation in India......Page 99 5.2 Foundation for the Revitalisation of Local Health Care Traditions in India: A Successful Coordinating Body......Page 109 6.1 Numerical List of Interventions, with References to Potential Investment Approaches from the Agriculture Investment Sourc......Page 127 1.1 A Stylized Innovation System......Page 34 6.1 Development Phases of Agricultural Innovation Systems......Page 118 A.1 Elements of an Agricultural Innovation System......Page 148 1.2 Case Studies by Country and Subsector......Page 37 2.1 Attitudes and Practices Affecting Key Innovation Processes and Relationships......Page 48 2.2 Defining Features of the NARS and AKIS Frameworks in Relation to Agricultural Innovation Systems......Page 54 3.1 Case Studies and Selection Criteria......Page 63 4.1 Interaction Patterns in Support of Innovation......Page 84 4.2 Summary of the Analysis of Innovation Systems in the Case Studies......Page 89 5.1 Scope of Innovations Observed......Page 96 5.2 Innovation Triggers......Page 101 5.3 Value and Developmental Significance of Case Study Sectors......Page 103 5.4 Common Interventions and Their Limitations......Page 105 6.1 Place of the Case Studies in the Innovation Systems Typology......Page 114 6.2 Main Characteristics of the Four Analytical Elements in Each Phase of Development in Orchestrated and Opportunity-Driven......Page 116 7.1 Approaches That Link Investments in Agricultural Science and Technology with Progress toward Sustainable Development......Page 134 7.2 Innovation Systems and Rural Poverty Reduction, by Type of Farmer and Farming System......Page 136 A.1 Example of an Actor Linkage Matrix......Page 150 A.2 Typology of Linkage and Learning Types......Page 151 A.3 Typology of Attitudes and Practices Affecting Key Innovation Processes and Relationships......Page 153 C.1 Roles of Different Actors at Different Times......Page 159 C.2 The Role of Government in Supporting Innovation......Page 165 C.3 Interaction Patterns in Support of Innovation......Page 167 World Bank Publications CONTENTS 6 Boxes, Figures, and Tables 8 Preface 12 Executive Summary 14 Acknowledgments 24 Acronyms and Abbreviations 26 1. Reasons for Assessing the Value of the Innovation Systems Perspective 28 Knowledge Generation and Application in a Changing Agricultural Context 28 Toward Operational Agricultural Innovation Systems 35 Grounding the Innovation Systems Concept in the “New Agriculture” 36 Organization of This Study 38 2. The Innovation Systems Concept: A Framework for Analysis 39 Origins of the Innovation Systems Concept 40 Innovation versus Invention 45 Key Insights from the Innovation Systems Concept for Diagnostic and Intervention Frameworks 45 Innovation Systems and Value Chains 51 Comparison of NARS, AKIS, and Agricultural Innovation Systems 52 Toward Practical Applications of the Innovation Systems Concept 58 3. Research Methodology and Case Study Descriptions 59 Research Methodology 59 Case Study Selection 61 Information Collection 62 Case Study Descriptions 62 4. Innovation System Capacity: A Comparative Analysis of Case Studies 75 Actors, Their Roles, and the Attitudes and Practices That Shape Their Roles 75 Attitudes and Practices 81 The Enabling Environment 86 Summary of the Analysis of Innovation Capacity in the Case Studies 88 5. Reviewing the Innovation Systems Concept in Light of the Case Studies 93 The Nature of Contemporary Agricultural Challenges 93 Key Characteristics of Innovation across the Case Studies 95 Common Interventions and Their Limits 104 6. Toward a Framework for Diagnosis and Intervention 111 An Intervention Framework for Developing Agricultural Innovation Systems 111 The Pre-Planned Phase in the Orchestrated Trajectory 117 The Foundation Phase 119 The Expansion Phase 120 The Nascent Phase in the Opportunity-Driven Trajectory 122 The Emergence Phase 122 The Stagnation Phase 124 A Dynamic System of Innovation 126 7. Conclusions 132 The Nature of Innovation: Nine Findings 132 The Value of the Innovation Systems Concept 138 Implications for the World Bank 140 Annex A: Agricultural Innovation Systems: A Methodology for Diagnostic Assessments 144 Annex B: Case Studies and Authors 156 Annex C: Case Study Detailed Summary Tables 158 Notes 172 References 174 Index 178 Boxes 29 1.1 Past Contributions of Science and Technology 29 1.2 The Changing Process of Knowledge Generation and Use 29 1.3 Increased Market Demand and Policy Change Close the Yield Gap in Maize Production in India 32 1.4 Changing Approaches to Investing in Innovation Capacity 33 2.1 Two Views of Innovation:The Linear and Innovation Systems Models 41 2.2 Knowledge and the Competitiveness of the Chilean Salmon Industry, Past and Future 43 2.3 Theoretical Underpinnings of Innovation Systems 44 2.4 Small-Scale Equipment Manufacturers and the Adoption of Zero Tillage in South Asia 47 2.5 Including Stakeholders’ Demands in the Agricultural Innovation System: Mexico’s Produce Foundations 50 2.6 Reducing Rural Poverty by Linking Farmer Organizations with Public-Private Partnerships in China 52 2.7 Community-Driven Development and Agricultural Innovation Systems 53 2.8 Participatory, Grassroots, and Multistakeholder Approaches to Overcome Limitations of the Linear Model 56 3.1 A Checklist for Conducting Diagnostic Assessments and Developing Interventions Based on the Innovation Systems Concept 60 4.1 Who Gets to Innovate? Picking Winners versus Enabling Winners to Pick Themselves 77 5.1 Farmer Organizations and a New Extension Approach Accelerate Agricultural Innovation in India 99 5.2 Foundation for the Revitalisation of Local Health Care Traditions in India: A Successful Coordinating Body 109 6.1 Numerical List of Interventions, with References to Potential Investment Approaches from the Agriculture Investment Sourc 127 Figures 34 1.1 A Stylized Innovation System 34 6.1 Development Phases of Agricultural Innovation Systems 118 A.1 Elements of an Agricultural Innovation System 148 Tables 37 1.1 World Value of Nontraditional Agricultural Exports, 1992 and 2001 37 1.2 Case Studies by Country and Subsector 37 2.1 Attitudes and Practices Affecting Key Innovation Processes and Relationships 48 2.2 Defining Features of the NARS and AKIS Frameworks in Relation to Agricultural Innovation Systems 54 3.1 Case Studies and Selection Criteria 63 4.1 Interaction Patterns in Support of Innovation 84 4.2 Summary of the Analysis of Innovation Systems in the Case Studies 89 5.1 Scope of Innovations Observed 96 5.2 Innovation Triggers 101 5.3 Value and Developmental Significance of Case Study Sectors 103 5.4 Common Interventions and Their Limitations 105 6.1 Place of the Case Studies in the Innovation Systems Typology 114 6.2 Main Characteristics of the Four Analytical Elements in Each Phase of Development in Orchestrated and Opportunity-Driven 116 7.1 Approaches That Link Investments in Agricultural Science and Technology with Progress toward Sustainable Development 134 7.2 Innovation Systems and Rural Poverty Reduction, by Type of Farmer and Farming System 136 A.1 Example of an Actor Linkage Matrix 150 A.2 Typology of Linkage and Learning Types 151 A.3 Typology of Attitudes and Practices Affecting Key Innovation Processes and Relationships 153 C.1 Roles of Different Actors at Different Times 159 C.2 The Role of Government in Supporting Innovation 165 C.3 Interaction Patterns in Support of Innovation 167 ISBN-13:,9780821367414 Enhancing Agricultural Innovation Came About As A Result Of An International Workshop Organized In June 2001 In Washington, Dc By The World Bank's Agriculture And Rural Development Department. The Book Evaluates Real-world Innovation Systems And Assesses The Usefulness Of The Concept In Guiding Investments To Support Knowledge-intensive, Sustainable Agriculture Development For The Bank's Client Countries And Their Collaborators. A Typology Of Innovation Systems Is Developed; Strategies To Guide Investments For Strengthening Innovation Capacity Are Drawn Up, And Concrete Interventions Options Are Identified.--jacket. Reasons For Assessing The Value Of The Innovation Systems Perspective -- The Innovation Systems Concept: A Framework For Analysis -- Research Methodology And Case Study Descriptions -- Innovation System Capacity: A Comparative Analysis Of Case Studies -- Reviewing The Innovation Systems Concept In Light Of The Case Studies -- Toward A Framework For Diagnosis And Intervention -- Conclusions. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 147-150) And Index. Knowledge intensiveness has featured prominently in most strategies to promote agricultural development. In the past strengthened research systems may have increased the supply of new knowledge and technologies, but that has not necessarily translated into enhanced agricultural growth. Knowledge converts into products and services through an innovation system -- a network of organizations, enterprises and individuals focusing on bringing new knowledge into economic use, together with the institutions and policies that enable a well-functioning network. This book assesses the usefulness of the innovation systems concept in guiding investments to support knowledge intensive, sustainable agricultural development for developing countries and its collaborators Why assess the value of the innovation systems perspective? The innovation systems concept: a framework for analysis Research methodology and case study descriptions Innovation system capacity: a comparative analysis of case studies Reviewing the innovation systems concept in light of the case studies Towards a framework for diagnosis and intervention.