روش‌های قوم‌نگاری پیشرفته: تکنیک‌های صوتی و تصویری، مصاحبه‌های گروهی متمرکز و استخراج اطلاعات (ابزارهای قوم‌نگار، جلد ۳)

In addition to the traditional use of participant observation, interviews, and surveys, qualitative researchers have developed a variety of other methods to obtain information in their studies. Visual data from film and still photographs are now supplemented with video and computer techniques and are used in many settings. Focused group interviews, once in the domain of market researchers, are now regularly used by qualitative researchers as well. Elicitation techniques, such as triads, pile sorts, and freelists, originally developed by cognitive anthropologists have been widely adopted to help understand the inner workings of the members of a group. In this brief volume, these three sets of methods are explained in simple, practical language. The authors describe when and how to use these sets of techniques for community research, market research, and formative evaluation and other health, social welfare, and educational settings both domestically and internationally. 1. 1. -- Margaret D. LeCompte, Jean J. Schensul -- 2. 1. -- Margaret D. LeCompte, Jean J. Schensul -- 2. -- Stephen L. Schensul, Jean J. Schensul, Margaret D. LeCompte -- 3. 1. -- Margaret D. LeCompte, Jean J. Schensul -- 2. -- Stephen L. Schensul, Jean J. Schensul, Margaret D. LeCompte -- 3. -- Jean J. Schensul ... [et al.] -- 4. 1. -- Margaret D. LeCompte, Jean J. Schensul -- 2. -- Stephen L. Schensul, Jean J. Schensul, Margaret D. LeCompte -- 3. -- Jean J. Schensul ... [et al.] -- 4. -- Jean J. Schensul ... [et al.] -- 5. 1. -- Margaret D. LeCompte, Jean J. Schensul -- 2. -- Stephen L. Schensul, Jean J. Schensul, Margaret D. LeCompte -- 3. -- Jean J. Schensul ... [et al.] -- 4. -- Jean J. Schensul ... [et al.] -- 5. -- Margaret D. LeCompte, Jean J. Schensul -- 6. 1. -- Margaret D. LeCompte, Jean J. Schensul -- 2. -- Stephen L. Schensul, Jean J. Schensul, Margaret D. LeCompte -- 3. -- Jean J. Schensul ... [et al.] -- 4. -- Jean J. Schensul ... [et al.] -- 5. -- Margaret D. LeCompte, Jean J. Schensul -- 6. -- Margaret D. LeCompte ... [et al.] -- 7. 1.-- Margaret D. LeCompte, Jean J. Schensul-- 2.-- Stephen L. Schensul, Jean J. Schensul, Margaret D. LeCompte-- 3.-- Jean J. Schensul ... [et al.]-- 4.-- Jean J. Schensul ... [et al.]-- 5.-- Margaret D. LeCompte, Jean J. Schensul-- 6.-- Margaret D. LeCompte ... [et al.]-- 7.-- Jean J. Schensul ... [et al.]. CONTENTS 7 INTRODUCTION 9 1. AUDIOVISUAL METHODS IN ETHNOGRAPHY 17 INTRODUCTION 17 CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS 18 LOGISTICS 22 TRANSCRIPTION 32 CODING 41 INTERPRETATION 54 USE OF AUDIOVISUAL DATA 56 NOTE 64 REFERENCES 64 SUGGESTED RESOURCES 65 2. FOCUSED GROUP INTERVIEWS 67 INTRODUCTION 67 WHAT IS A GROUP INTERVIEW? 67 INFORMAL VERSUS FORMAL GROUP INTERVIEWS 72 ORGANIZING AND PREPARING FOR FOCUSED GROUP INTERVIEWS 78 IDENTIFYING AND TRAINING FACILITATORS 92 CONDUCTING A FOCUSED GROUP INTERVIEW 99 HOW TO ASK QUESTIONS IN A FOCUSED GROUP INTERVIEW 104 RECORDING DATA FOR FOCUSED GROUP INTERVIEWS 112 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 119 MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS OF FOCUSED GROUP INTERVIEW DATA 123 ADVANTAGES, USES, AND LIMITATIONS OF FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWS 127 NOTES 128 REFERENCES 129 SUGGESTED RESOURCES 130 3. ELICITARON TECHNIQUES FOR CULTURAL DOMAIN ANALYSIS 131 INTRODUCTION 131 DEFINING CULTURAL DOMAINS 132 ELICITING CULTURAL DOMAINS USING FREELISTS 136 COLLECTING FREELIST DATA 137 ANALYZING FREELIST DATA 142 ELICITING DOMAIN STRUCTURE USING PILESORTS 147 COLLECTING PILESORT DATA 147 ANALYZING PILESORT DATA 149 ELICITING CULTURAL DOMAIN STRUCTURE USING TRIADS 158 ANALYZING TRIAD DATA 161 INFORMAL USE OF TRIADS 163 CONCLUSION 164 NOTES 164 REFERENCES 166 SUGGESTED RESOURCES 166 INDEX 168 ABOUT THE AUTHORS, ARTISTS, AND EDITORS 175 "In addition to the traditional use of participant observation, ethnographic researchers have developed a variety of other methods to obtain information. Visual anthropology has had a long tradition of audio, film and still photographs, now supplemented with video and computer multimedia techniques. Focused group interviews are now regularly used by ethnographers. Elicitation techniques - such as triads, pile sorts and freelists - were developed by cognitive anthropologists as a systematic way of understanding the cultural categories defined by members of a group. In this brief volume, these three sets of methods are explained in simple, practical language."--Jacket The Ethnographer's toolkit is designed with you, the novice fieldworker, in mind. In a series of seven brief books, the editors and authors of the Toolkit take you through the multiple, complex steps of doing ethnographic research in simple, reader-friendly language. Case studies, checklists, key points to remember, and additional resources to consult, are all included to help the reader fully understand the ethnographic process. The Toolkit is the perfect starting point for scholars, professionals, and students in diverse academic and practice fields