England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225 (New Oxford History of England)

This vivid and and comprehensive account of the politics, religion, and culture of England in the century and a half after the Norman Conquest lays bare the patterns of everyday life and increases our understanding of a medieval society at a time when England was more closely tied to Europe than ever before. Title Page 3 General Editor's Preface 7 Acknowledgements 9 Contents 11 Plates 14 Figures 15 Maps 16 Tables 17 Abbreviations 18 Introduction 31 CHAPTER 1: Political Patterns 34 THE STRUGGLE FOR THE SUCCESSION 1075–1225 34 THE CROSS- CHANNEL REALM 41 The Cross-Channel Aristocracy 43 English Kings and French Politics 47 The Angevin Empire 51 The Loss of the Northern French Territories 55 COURT POLITICS 58 Patronage and Faction 58 The Role of Queens 65 Marriage Networks 76 PREDATORY AND PUNITIVE RULE 78 REBELLION 81 The Rebellion of 1088 82 The Penalties of Rebellion 88 Rebels with a Cause: Magna Carta 92 CHAPTER 2: England and Beyond 98 ENGLAND AND THE BRITISH ISLES 98 Wales 99 Scotland 107 Ireland 115 English Overlordship in the British Isles 120 The English Church and the British Isles 122 Social Changes 127 English Attitudes 129 ENGLAND AND THE WIDER WORLD 132 Scandinavia and Germany 132 The Mediterranean World 136 CHAPTER 3: Lordship and Government 151 KINGSHIP AND LORDSHIP 151 REGALITY 153 The Crown 153 The Interregnal Period 153 Coronation 155 Crown-Wearings 157 The King's Touch 160 THE HOUSEHOLD AND HOUSEHOLD ADMINISTRATION 160 ITINERATION 163 ASSEMBLIES 173 TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATION 177 Counties 177 Hundreds and Townships 186 ROYAL FINANCES 189 The Royal Demesne, 1086-1225 190 Feudal Aids and Incidents 193 Taxation 195 Income from Justice 198 A Case Study: Staffordshire 201 Total Royal Revenue 205 COURTS AND JUDGMENTS 207 Oath and Ordeal 209 Punishment 214 The Ritual of Lawsuits 217 The Birth of the Common Law 220 RECORDS AND RECORD- KEEPING 223 Domesday Book 223 The Increase in Documents 226 The Record Revolution 229 CHAPTER 4: The Aristocracy 232 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ARISTOCRACY 232 The Feudal Hierarchy 232 Social Semantics 236 Earls 238 Barons 242 Knights 244 The Margins of the Aristocracy 246 THE ARISTOCRATIC ESTATE 249 The Honor 249 Resources 252 Legal Status 256 THE LIFE OF THE ARISTOCRACY 259 Birth and Bearing 259 Knighting 262 Display 265 Horse and Hound 268 The New Cultural Style 271 CHAPTER 5: Warfare 282 WAGING WAR 282 Arms and Armour 282 Wasting 285 Battle 286 Naval Warfare 288 RECRUITMENT 291 Feudal Levies 292 Household Troops 295 Mercenaries 296 CASTLES 299 The Castles of Hertfordshire 300 Form and Function 305 Castle-Based Warfare: Stephen's Reign 313 CHAPTER 6: The Rural Foundations 317 THE PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK 317 POPULATION 320 Demographic Trends 322 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS 327 LAND USE AND AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUE 332 The Plough and Plough-Team 332 Crops 334 Livestock 336 Open Fields 338 Food and Famine 341 THE MANORIAL ECONOMY 343 RURAL SOCIAL STRUCTURE 346 Slaves 347 The Size of Peasant Holdings 349 Freedom and Villeinage 351 Peasant Rent: Three Case Studies 356 CHAPTER 7: Towns and Trade 361 URBANIZATION 361 TOWN LAW 365 URBAN SELF- GOVERNMENT 367 LONDON 372 URBAN UNREST 374 THE JEWS 376 Numbers and Distribution 376 Economic Activities 379 Kings and Jews 381 Anti-Semitism 384 TRADE: THE FRAMEWORK 390 COMMODITIES 395 Foodstuffs 395 Metals 396 Wool and Cloth 398 COINAGE AND MONETIZATION 400 CHAPTER 8: The Institutional Church 407 THE HIERARCHY 407 Clerks 407 The Parish and the Parish Priest 408 Bishops 425 Kingly Power and Priestly Power 440 England and the Papacy 448 THE RELIGIOUS 450 Inherited Ideals 450 Recruitment 452 The Variety of Religious Orders 455 CHAPTER 9: Religious Life 480 CONCEPTS OF THE HOLY 480 Hallowing 480 Sanctuary 483 Pollution 484 Cursing 485 DEVOTION 487 Liturgy 487 Preaching 489 Six Ways to Cleanse the Soul 492 Christianity and the Bible 497 SAINTS AND THEIR CULTS 498 Contemporary Saints 499 Shrines and Relics 501 The Marian Cult 507 Control of Cult 509 OVERSEAS PILGRIMAGE 510 Saewulf in Jerusalem 512 DISSENT 514 Anti-clericalism 514 Scepticism and Heresy 516 CHAPTER 10: Cultural Patterns 520 LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES 520 Spoken Languages 520 Written Languages 530 The Interplay of Languages 540 EDUCATION AND HIGH LEARNING 544 Elementary Schools in England 544 Higher Education 546 The Heritage of the Ancient World 555 Biblical Scholarship 556 Physical Science 558 Libraries 561 THE VISUAL ARTS 563 PERFORMANCE: SONG AND MUSIC, DANCE AND DRAMA 567 Song and Music 567 Dance and Drama 568 THE VALUE OF THE ARTS 570 CHAPTER 11: The Course of Life 573 CHILDHOOD 573 NAMING PATTERNS 576 Choice of Name 576 Surnames 579 LOVE, SEX, AND MARRIAGE 585 Freedom to Marry and its Limitations 585 Rituals of Betrothal and Marriage 590 Dower and Marriage-Portions 593 Divorce and Separation 595 Love and Sex 596 MANNERS 611 Presentation of the Body 611 Drinking, Swearing, and Violence 615 The 'Civilized Man' 620 MEDICINE AND HEALING 626 DEATH AND THE DEAD 629 A Good Death 629 Burial 631 Commemoration 637 Visions of the Afterlife 641 Revenants 650 CHAPTER 12: Cosmologies 654 TIME 654 Past 654 Present 671 Future 683 THE WORLD 695 Nature 695 The Physical Universe 697 The Peoples of the Earth 700 THE CHAIN OF BEING 702 Angels and Demons 702 Animals 704 BEINGS NEITHER ANGELIC, HUMAN, NOR ANIMAL 724 Chronology of Political Events 731 The Sources 733 Index of Persons and Places 745 Index of Subjects 803 History,History and England,Norman History Introduction 1. Political Patterns: The Struggle for the Succession, 1075-1225 The Cross-Channel Realm Court Politics Predatory and Punitive Rule Rebellion 2. England and Beyond: England and the British Isles England and the Wider World 3. Lordship and Government: Kingship and Lordship Regality The Household and Household Administration Itineration Assemblies Territorial Administration Royal Finances Courts and Judgements Records and Record-Keeping 4. The Aristocracy: The Structure of the Aristocracy The Aristocratic Estate The Life of the Aristocracy 5. Warfare: Waging War Recruitment Castles 6. The Rural Foundations: The Physical Framework Population Settlement Patterns Land Use and Agricultural Techniques The Manorial Economy Rural Social Structure 7. Towns and Trade: Urbanization Town Law Urban Self-Government London Urban Unrest The Jews Trade, the Framework Commodities Coinage and Monetization 8. The Institutional Church: The Hierarchy Kingly Power and Priestly Power The Religious 9. Religious Life: Concepts of the Holy Devotion Saints and their Cults Overseas Pilgrimage Dissent 10. Cultural Patterns: Languages and Literature Education and Higher Learning The Visual Arts Performance The Value of the Arts 11. The Course of Life: Childhood Naming Patterns Love, Sex, and Marriage Manners Medicine and Healing Death and the Dead 12. Cosmologies: Time The World The Chain of Being Beings Neither Angelic, Human, nor Animal Chronology of Political Events Bibliography Index This vivid and and comprehensive account of the politics, religion, and culture of England in the century and a half after the Norman Conquest lays bare the patterns of everyday life, and increases our understanding of medieval society at a time when England was more closely tied to Europe than ever before. This was a period in which the ruling dynasty and military aristocracy were deeply enmeshed with the politics and culture of France. The book describes the central conflicts and preoccupations: the sense of honour, the role of violence, and the glitter of tournament, heraldry, and Arthurian romance. The author explores the mechanics of the English government and analyzes the part played by the Church at a time of radical developments in religious life and organization. He also investigates the role of ordinary men and women: the fundamental importance of the peasant economy in the growing urban and commercial arenas and their outlook on the world, including their views on the past, on gender and behavior, on animals, and on the undead and the occult. The result is a fascinating and complex account of a period which begins with conquest and ends in assimilation. This vivid and and comprehensive account of the politics, religion, and culture of England in the century and a half after the Norman Conquest lays bare the patterns of everyday life, and increases our understanding of medieval society at a time when England was more closely tied to Europe than ever before. This was a period in which the ruling dynasty and military aristocracy were deeply enmeshed with the politics and culture of France. The book describes their conflicts and their preoccupations: the sense of honour, the role of violence, and the glitter of tournament, heraldry, and Arthurian romance. The author explores the mechanics of their government, and analyses the part played by the Church at a time of radical developments in religious life and organization. He investigates the role of ordinary men and women: the fundamental importance of the peasant economy, the growing urban and commercial arenas; and also their outlook on the world, including their views on the past; on sexuality; on animals; on death, the undead and the occult. The result is a fascinating and complex account of a period which begins with conquest and ends in assimilation. This Lively And Far-reaching Account Of The Politics, Religion, And Culture Of England In The Century And A Half After The Norman Conquest Provides A Vivid Picture Of Everyday Existence, And Increases Our Understanding Of All Aspects Of Medieval Society. This Was A Period In Which The Ruling Dynasty And Military Aristocracy Were Deeply Enmeshed With The Politics And Culture Of France. Professor Bartlett Describes Their Conflicts And Their Preoccupations - The Sense Of Honour, The Role Of Violence, And The Glitter Of Tournament, Heraldry, And Arthurian Romance. He Explores The Mechanics Of Government; Assesses The Role Of The Church At A Time Of Radical Developments In Religious Life And Organization; And Investigates The Peasant Economy, The Foundation Of This Society, And The Growing Urban And Commercial Activity.--jacket. Political Patterns -- England And Beyond -- Lordship And Government -- The Aristocracy -- Warfare -- The Rural Foundations -- Towns And Trade -- The Institutional Church -- Religious Life -- Cultural Patterns -- The Course Of Life -- Cosmologies. Robert Bartlett. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [695]-705) And Index.