Engineering Energy Storage

Engineering Energy Storage explains the engineering concepts of different relevant energy technologies in a coherent manner, assessing underlying numerical material to evaluate energy, power, volume, weight and cost of new and existing energy storage systems. With numerical examples and problems with solutions, this fundamental reference on engineering principles gives guidance on energy storage devices, setting up energy system plans for smart grids. Designed for those in traditional fields of science and professional engineers in applied industries with projects related to energy and engineering, this book is an ideal resource on the topic. Contains chapter based numerical examples, with applied industry problems and solutions Assesses underlying numerical material for evaluating energy, power, volume, weight and cost of new and existing energy storage systems Offers a cross-disciplinary look across electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering aspects of energy storage Front_cover Front-Matter_2017_Engineering-Energy-Storage Copyright_2017_Engineering-Energy-Storage CONTENTS Preface 1 Energy Storage 1.1 A Brief History of Energy 1.2 Renewable Energy and Energy Storage 1.3 Energy and Power 1.3.1 Energy and Power for Transportation 1.3.2 Efficiency and Propagation of Efficiency Losses Problems Solutions 2 General Thermodynamics 2.1 The First Law and Internal Energy U 2.2 Second Law and Entropy 2.2.1 Reversible Adiabatic Must Be Isentropic 2.2.2 The Carnot Efficiency Limitation 2.3 Pressure and Volume 2.4 Enthalpy and Control Volumes 2.5 Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Potential Problems Solutions 3 Mechanical Energy Storage 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mechanical Energy Storage 3.2.1 Flywheels 3.2.1.1 The Energy 3.2.1.2 Other Aspects 3.2.2 Hydroelectric Energy Storage Problems Solutions 4 Thermal Energy Storage 4.1 Heat vs. Thermal Energy 4.2 Sensible Heat 4.3 Latent Heat 4.4 Reaction Heat 4.5 Eutectic and Noneutectic Heat Problems Solutions 5 Thermomechanical Energy Storage 5.1 Thermodynamics: Heat, Work, and States 5.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage 5.2.1 Cryogenic Energy Storage 5.2.2 Other Compressed Gases 5.3 Solar Power Towers Problems Solutions 6 Electrochemical Energy Storage 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nernst Equation and the Electromotoric Force, EMF 6.2.1 The Free Energy of a Reaction 6.2.2 The Electrochemical Free Energy 6.2.3 Half-Cell Reactions 6.2.4 Ohm's Law: Power and Potential 6.3 Concentration and Nernst Equation 6.3.1 Activity of Components and Species 6.3.2 EMF and Concentration 6.3.3 Concentration Polarization Overpotentials 6.3.4 Liquid Junction Potential 6.3.4.1 Multiple Liquid Junctions and the Repeating Cell Unit 6.4 Electrode Reaction Kinetics 6.4.1 The Equilibrium Reaction Rate and Constant 6.4.2 Butler-Volmer Overpotentials 6.4.3 The Tafel Overpotential: An Approximation 6.4.4 Overpotentials for Competing Electrode Reactions Problems Solutions 7 Secondary Batteries 7.1 Battery Terminology 7.2 Red-ox Cells and Oxidation Number 7.3 Charging and Discharge Power and Efficiency 7.4 Battery Capacity 7.5 Battery Footprint 7.5.1 Accumulated Weight 7.5.2 Environmental Footprint 7.6 Battery Chemistry 7.6.1 Lead Acid Battery 7.6.2 NiCd Batteries 7.6.3 NiMeH Batteries 7.6.4 ZEBRA Batteries 7.7 Li-ion Batteries 7.8 Flow Cell Batteries 7.8.1 RedOx Flow Batteries 7.8.2 Concentration Flow Batteries Problems Solutions 8 Hydrogen for Energy Storage 8.1 Hydrogen Production. Water Electrolysis 8.1.1 Water Electrolysis Thermodynamics 8.1.1.1 The Energies 8.1.1.2 Half Cell Potentials and pH 8.1.2 Electrolysis Technologies 8.1.2.1 Alkaline Water Electrolysis 8.1.2.2 PEM Water Electrolysis 8.1.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells 8.1.2.4 Other Types of Electrolysis 8.1.3 Hydrogen from Coal and Natural Gas 8.2 Hydrogen Storage and Distribution 8.2.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen 8.2.1.1 Compressibility 8.2.1.2 Phase Properties 8.2.1.3 Para- and Ortho-Hydrogen 8.2.2 Hydrogen Storage Technologies 8.2.2.1 Power to Gas 8.2.2.2 Compressed Hydrogen 8.2.2.3 Cryogenic Hydrogen 8.2.2.4 Metal Hydride 8.2.2.5 Metal Organic Framework 8.2.2.6 Cavern and Grid Storage 8.2.2.7 Carbon as a Hydrogen Carrier 8.3 Reuse of Hydrogen: Fuel Cells 8.3.1 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics 8.3.2 Fuel cell technologies 8.3.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC 8.3.2.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, DMFC 8.3.2.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, SOFC 8.3.2.4 Alkaline Fuel Cells, AFC 8.3.2.5 Other Fuel Cell Technologies 8.3.2.6 Fuel Cell Technology Overview Problems Solutions 9 Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Conversion 9.1 Conventional Capacitors 9.2 Supercapacitors 9.3 Deploying Supercapacitors 9.4 Pseudo- and Hybrid Supercapacitors Problems Solutions A Symbols and Constants Roman Letters Greek Letters Constants B Adiabatic Compression of Air C Para- and Ortho-Hydrogen Bibliography Index Back_cover