Engineering Drawing

Cover Engineering Drawing Copyright About The Authors Brief Contents Contents Abbreviations, Symbols and Notations Preface Acknowledgements The Development of this Book Basics of Engineering Drawing Introduction Drawing Instruments Drawing Board Minidrafter Precision Instrument Box Set Squares Engineers’ Scales Protractor Irregular or French Curves Spring Clips Drawing Papers Pencils Erasers Erasing Shields Templates Dusters Flexible curves Tracing Paper T-Square Title Block Points to Remember Symbolic Lines and Lettering Introduction Symbolic Lines Lettering General Rules for Lettering Geometrical Constructions, Lociand Engineering Plane Curves Introduction Methods of Construction Loci of Points Engineering Curves Conics Cycloidal Curves Involutes Spirals Scales Introduction Representative Fraction Construction of Scales Types of Scales Plain Scales Diagonal Scales Vernier Scales Comparative Scales Scale of Chords Projections of Points and Lines Introduction Orthographic Projections First-Angle Projections Second-, Third- and Fourth-Angle Projections Projections of Lines Angles Between Lines and Reference Planes Projections of Lines Parallel to One and Inclined to the Other Reference Plane Projections of Lines Inclined to both the Reference Planes Problems Related to Lines Inclined to both the Reference Planes To Find the True Length of a Line To Find the Angle of Inclination Traces of a Line Procedure for Locating the HT and the VT Procedure When the HT and/or the VT is Given Side Views Shortest Distance Between a Given Line AB and Ground Line XY Projections on Auxiliary ReferencePlanes Introduction The Auxiliary Plane Method Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Vertical Plane Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Inclined Plane Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Front View Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Top View Projections of Planes Introduction Positions of Planes Planes Parallel to the VP Planes Parallel to the HP Planes Perpendicular to the VP and Inclined to the HP Planes Perpendicular to the HP and Inclined to the VP Planes Inclined to both the Reference Planes Positions when the Shape and Size in the Front View and/or Top View are Given Projections of Solids Introduction Solids Prisms and Pyramids Cylinders and Cones Frustums Orthographic Projections of Solids Projections of Solids with the Axis Perpendicular to one of the Reference Planes and Parallel to the Other Two Projections of Solids with the Axis Parallel to One of the Reference Planes and Inclined to the Other Additional Points for Two-Step Problems The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the VP and Inclined at θ to the HP The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the HP and Inclined at φ to the VP Deciding the Position of the Axis Visibility of Surfaces Projections of Solids with the Axis Inclined to Both the HP and the VP Projections of Spheres Sections of Solids Introduction Cutting Planes Sections and Sectional Views Drawing Sectional Views Locating the CP Position When the True Shape of a Section is Known Hints to Remember The Procedure for Locating the Cutting Plane Intersection of Surfaces Introduction Determination of the Curve of Intersection The Line Method Procedure for the Line Method Deciding the Visibility of the Curve of Intersection Determining Cut-Off Portions of Lines on the Penetrated Solid Visibility When the Solid Has a Hole The Cutting Plane Method Development of Surfaces Introduction Understanding the Development of Surfaces Methods for Development Methods for Development of Cut Surfaces The Line Method The Cutting Plane Method Multiview Orthographic Projections Introduction Multiview Orthographic Projections Objects Bounded by Plane Surfaces Reading an Isometric or Oblique Parallel Projection Rules for Reading the Position of Each Line or Surface of an Object in a Pictorial View Misleading Conditions in Pictorial Views Sectional Views Introduction Projections of Sectional Views Hatching Lines Drawing Sectional Views of Machine Parts Types of Sectional Views Full-Sectional View Half-Sectional View Offset Sections Revolved Sections Removed Sections Partial Section or Broken Section Dimensioning Introduction Dimensioning Dimension Lines Extension or Projection Lines Leaders Dimensioning Systems Dimensioning Principles Dimensioning Pictorial Views Auxiliary Views Introduction The Front Auxiliary View The Top Auxiliary View or Auxiliary Elevation The Side Auxiliary View Partial Views Drawing the Apparent Shapes of Surfaces Reading Orthographic Projections Introduction Reading Orthographic Projections Reading Orthographic Projections by Visualizing the Bounding Surfaces Recognizing the Projections of the Same Plane Surface Isometric Projections Introduction Types of Pictorial Projections Isometric Projections The Isometric Scale Drawing Isometric Projections of Solid Objects Procedure for Drawing Isometric Projections of an Object The Isometric Projection of a Sphere Oblique Parallel Projections and Perspective Projections Introduction Oblique Parallel Projections The Oblique Parallel Projections of a Cube Perspective Projections Terminology Theory of Perspective Projections The Visual Ray Method The Vanishing Point Method Important Points About Perspective Projections Threaded Fasteners Introduction Screw Threads The Terminology for Threads The Forms of Screw Threads Representation of Threads Bolts, Nuts and Washers Hexagonal Nuts Orthographic Projections of a Hexagonal Nut Symbolic Views of a Hexagonal Nut Projections of a Hexagonal-Headed Bolt Washers Square Nuts Types of Nuts Types of Bolt Heads Set Screws Foundation Bolts Tap Bolts Stud Bolts Locking Arrangements for Nuts Riveted and Welded Joints Introduction Types of Rivet Heads Riveted Joints Lap Joints Butt Joints Welding Types of Welded Joints Types of Welds Welding Drawing Representation of Welded Joints Indication for Plate Preparation Dimensioning Welds Supplementary Symbols Indicating the Welding Process Computer-Aided Drafting Introduction Using Autocad A Mouse A Keyboard Autocad Command Access Menus and Toolbars Toolbars Opening a File Saving a File Execution of Commands The Donut and Spline Commands The Line Command The Coordinate Systems Command The Polygon Command The Circle Command The Arc Command The Ellipse Command The Hatch Command The Zoom Command The Regen Command The UCS Command The Units Command Drawing Limits The Grid Command The Offset Command The Change Command The Chprop Command The Erase Command The Trim Command The Array Command The Mirror Command The Copy Command The Move Command The Chamfer Command The Fillet Command The Pedit Command The Dimension Command The Extend Command The Lengthen Command Three-Dimensional Modelling The Wire Frame Model The Surface Model The Solid Model Index