Engineering Data Book

Z......Page 10 Steam tables......Page 11 Flash steam......Page 14 Saturated steam pipeline capacities at specific velocities......Page 15 Velocity method......Page 16 Chart......Page 17 Pressure drop method......Page 18 Chart......Page 19 Steam pressure reduction and potential for superheat......Page 20 Flash steam velocity method......Page 21 Warming up losses......Page 22 Running losses......Page 23 One hour warm up/running loads (kg/h) per 50m of steam main......Page 24 General......Page 25 Stall chart (to use)......Page 26 Sizing......Page 27 Other examples of how to use the stall chart......Page 28 Steam/fuel wastage through leaks......Page 29 pH value......Page 30 pH chart......Page 31 Softening......Page 32 Dealkalization......Page 33 Demineralization......Page 34 Boiler water TDS measurement......Page 35 Controlling the TDS......Page 36 SECTION 2 - Steam consumption and heating......Page 37 Comparison of steam, high temperature hot water and high temperature oil......Page 38 Tanks and vats......Page 39 Heating calorifiers......Page 42 Hot water storage calorifiers......Page 43 General......Page 44 Steam tracer loads......Page 48 Tank water heating......Page 52 Relative densities/specific heat capacities of various materials......Page 45 Various materials......Page 46 Gases and vapours......Page 47 Rule of thumb heat loss......Page 53 U values, definitions and symbols......Page 54 U values......Page 55 U values for external walls (Curtain wall construction)......Page 56 U values for external walls (Framed construction)......Page 57 U values for flat or pitched roofs......Page 58 U values for pitched roofs (35 o Slope)......Page 59 U values for suspended timber floors directly above ground.......Page 60 U values for glazing (without frames)......Page 61 Typical HWS storage and boiler power......Page 62 Effects of various condition alterations to pump characteristics......Page 64 Flow of water at 75 o C in black steel pipes......Page 66 Velocity head factor for pipe fittings and equipment......Page 71 SECTION 3 - Humidification......Page 74 Psychrometric chart......Page 75 Explained......Page 76 Calculating humidification loads......Page 77 Relationship of effective temperature, wet-bulb/dry-bulb temperatures and relative humidity......Page 78 Steam .v. water......Page 79 SECTION 4 - Metering......Page 80 terminology......Page 81 Errors due to absence of density compensation......Page 82 SECTION 5 - Controls......Page 84 Process control devices, typical mix with system elements......Page 85 Valve authority......Page 86 Steam (saturated and superheated) sizing......Page 87 sizing chart......Page 88 Water sizing......Page 89 Sizing chart......Page 90 Characteristics......Page 92 Rangeability......Page 93 Types......Page 94 PN Controls - combinations of valve & actuator actions......Page 98 Safety valve selection and sizing......Page 99 Selection and sizing......Page 100 Relationship of system design pressure to safety valve set pressure etc.......Page 101 SECTION 6 - Standards and materials......Page 102 Standards - national, european and international......Page 103 Piping systems......Page 104 Guidance notes......Page 105 Steel......Page 109 Cast iron......Page 115 SG (ductile) iron......Page 118 Copper alloy......Page 121 Screwed......Page 125 Butt weld......Page 126 materials comparison, quick reference......Page 128 Typical mechanical properties SG iron, gunmetal, cast steel and cast iron......Page 129 Stainless steels — properties and composition......Page 130 Austenitic steels - comparison table......Page 131 Product limitations......Page 132 Product limitations (cont’d)......Page 133 General......Page 134 for group B austenitic steel flanges......Page 135 SECTION 7 - Sundries......Page 136 Cost of steam......Page 137 Steam produced per unit of fuel......Page 139 Area of circles and cubic capacity in litres/metre of length (cont'd)......Page 140 Units......Page 141 Conversion tables......Page 142 Approximate conversion factors......Page 145 IP Classification of enclosures......Page 146 Valves-specific types......Page 147 Pipeline flexibility......Page 148 Pipeline features and general equipment......Page 149 Electrical circuit symbols and notations......Page 150 Switches, fuses and contacts......Page 151 Switches, fuses and contacts (cont'd)......Page 152 Circuit components......Page 153 Circuit components (cont'd)......Page 154 Thermal expansions of pipes......Page 155 Corrosion resistance of metals and elastomers......Page 156 Compressed air......Page 174 Power required to compress air......Page 175 Sizing mains and interconnecting pipework......Page 176 Volume of compressed air carried by medium grade steel pipes......Page 177 Pressure drop in steel pipes 15-100mm (nomogram)......Page 178 Pressure drop in pipes and tubes 2.5 - 15 mm (nomogram)......Page 179 Pipe carrying capacities at varying velocities (nomogram)......Page 180 Pipe/tube dimensions......Page 181 Typical compressed air installation......Page 182 INDEX......Page 186 P + I Control......Page 96 Proportional Control (P control)......Page 95 P + I + D Control......Page 97 Pump curves (typical)......Page 63