Engineering circuit analysis

Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction -- 1.1. Overview of Text -- 1.2. Relationship of Circuit Analysis to Engineering -- 1.3. Analysis and Design -- 1.4.Computer-Aided Analysis -- 1.5. Successful Problem-Solving Strategies -- Reading Further -- ch. 2 Basic Components And Electic Circuits -- 2.1. Units and Scales -- 2.2. Charge, Current, Voltage, and Power -- 2.3. Voltage and Current Sources -- 2.4. Ohm's Law -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 3 Voltage And Current Laws -- 3.1. Nodes, Paths, Loops, and Branches -- 3.2. Kirchhoffs Current Law -- 3.3. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law -- 3.4. The Single-Loop Circuit -- 3.5. The Single-Node-Pair Circuit -- 3.6. Series and Parallel Connected Sources -- 3.7. Resistors in Series and Parallel -- 3.8. Voltage and Current Division -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 4 Basic Nodal And Mesh Analysis -- 4.1. Nodal Analysis -- 4.2. The Supernode -- 4.3. Mesh Analysis -- 4.4. The Supermesh -- 4.5. Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis: A Comparison -- 4.6.Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 5 Handy Circuit Analysis Techniques -- 5.1. Linearity and Superposition -- 5.2. Source Transformations -- 5.3. Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits -- 5.4. Maximum Power Transfer -- 5.5. Delta-Wye Conversion -- 5.6. Selecting an Approach: A Summary of Various Techniques -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 6 The Operational Amplifier -- 6.1. Background -- 6.2. The Ideal Op Amp: A Cordial Introduction -- 6.3. Cascaded Stages -- 6.4. Circuits for Voltage and Current Sources -- 6.5. Practical Considerations -- 6.6.Comparators and the Instrumentation Amplifier -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 7 Capacitors And Inductors -- 7.1. The Capacitor -- 7.2. The Inductor -- 7.3. Inductance and Capacitance Combinations -- 7.4. Consequences of Linearity -- 7.5. Simple Op Amp Circuits with Capacitors -- 7.6. Duality -- 7.7. Modeling Capacitors and Inductors with PSpice -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 8 Basic Rl And Rc Circuits -- 8.1. The Source-Free RL Circuit -- 8.2. Properties of the Exponential Response -- 8.3. The Source-Free RC Circuit -- 8.4.A More General Perspective -- 8.5. The Unit-Step Function -- 8.6. Driven RL Circuits -- 8.7. Natural and Forced Response -- 8.8. Driven AC Circuits -- 8.9. Predicting the Response of Sequentially Switched Circuits -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 9 The Rcl Circuit -- 9.1. The Source-Free Parallel Circuit -- 9.2. The Overdamped Parallel RLC Circuit -- 9.3. Critical Damping -- 9.4. The Underdamped Parallel RLC Circuit -- 9.5. The Source-Free Series RLC Circuit -- 9.6. The Complete Response of the RLC Circuit -- 9.7. The Lossless LC Circuit -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis -- 10.1. Characteristics of Sinusoids -- 10.2. Forced Response to Sinusoidal Functions -- 10.3. The Complex Forcing Function -- 10.4. The Phasor -- 10.5. Impedance and Admittance -- 10.6. Nodal and Mesh Analysis -- 10.7. Superposition, Source Transformations and Thevenin's Theorem -- 10.8. Phasor Diagrams -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 11 Ac Circuit Power Analysis -- 11.1. Instantaneous Power -- 11.2. Average Power -- 11.3. Effective Values of Current and Voltage -- 11.4. Apparent Power and Power Factor -- 11.5.Complex Power -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 12 Polyphase Circuits -- 12.1. Polyphase Systems -- 12.2. Single-Phase Three-Wire Systems -- 12.3. Three-Phase Y-Y Connection -- 12.4. The Delta (A) Connection -- 12.5. Power Measurement in Three-Phase Systems -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits -- 13.1. Mutual Inductance -- 13.2. Energy Considerations -- 13.3. The Linear Transformer -- 13.4. The Ideal Transformer -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 14 Complex Frequency And The Laplace Transform -- 14.1.Complex Frequency -- 14.2. The Damped Sinusoidal Forcing Function -- 14.3. Definition of the Laplace Transform -- 14.4. Laplace Transforms of Simple Time Functions -- 14.5. Inverse Transform Techniques -- 14.6. Basic Theorems for the Laplace Transform -- 14.7. The Initial-Value and Final-Value Theorems -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 15 Circuit Analysis In The s-Domain -- 15.1.Z(s) and Y(s) -- 15.2. Nodal and Mesh Analysis in the s-Domain -- 15.3. Additional Circuit Analysis Techniques -- 15.4. Poles, Zeros, and Transfer Functions -- 15.5. Convolution -- 15.6. The Complex-Frequency Plane -- 15.7. Natural Response and the s Plane -- 15.8.A Technique for Synthesizing the Voltage Ratio H(s) = V out/V in -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 16 Frequency Response -- 16.1. Parallel Resonance -- 16.2. Bandwidth and High-Q Circuits -- 16.3. Series Resonance -- 16.4. Other Resonant Forms -- 16.5. Scaling -- 16.6. Bode Diagrams -- 16.7. Basic Filter Design -- 16.8. Advanced Filter Design -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 17 Two-Port Networks -- 17.1. One-Port Networks -- 17.2. Admittance Parameters -- 17.3. Some Equivalent Networks -- 17.4. Impedance Parameters -- 17.5. Hybrid Parameters -- 17.6. Transmission Parameters -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises -- ch. 18 Fourier Circuit Analysis -- 18.1. Trigonometric Form of the Fourier Series -- 18.2. The Use of Symmetry -- 18.3.Complete Response to Periodic Forcing Functions -- 18.4.Complex Form of the Fourier Series -- 18.5. Definition of the Fourier Transform -- 18.6. Some Properties of the Fourier Transform -- 18.7. Fourier Transform Pairs for Some Simple Time Functions -- 18.8. The Fourier Transform of a General Periodic Time Function -- 18.9. The System Function and Response in the Frequency Domain -- 18.10. The Physical Significance of the System Function -- Summary And Review -- Reading Further -- Exercises. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 CONTENTS......Page 15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 27 1.1 Overview of Text......Page 28 1.2 Relationship of Circuit Analysis to Engineering......Page 30 1.3 Analysis and Design......Page 31 1.4 Computer-Aided Analysis......Page 32 1.5 Successful Problem-Solving Strategies......Page 33 READING FURTHER......Page 34 2.1 Units and Scales......Page 35 2.2 Charge, Current, Voltage, and Power......Page 37 Current......Page 38 Voltage......Page 40 Power......Page 41 2.3 Voltage and Current Sources......Page 43 Independent Voltage Sources......Page 44 Dependent Sources......Page 45 Networks and Circuits......Page 47 2.4 Ohm’s Law......Page 48 Power Absorption......Page 49 Conductance......Page 53 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 54 EXERCISES......Page 55 3.1 Nodes, Paths, Loops, and Branches......Page 65 3.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law......Page 66 3.3 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law......Page 68 3.4 The Single-Loop Circuit......Page 72 3.5 The Single-Node-Pair Circuit......Page 75 3.6 Series and Parallel Connected Sources......Page 77 3.7 Resistors in Series and Parallel......Page 81 3.8 Voltage and Current Division......Page 87 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 92 EXERCISES......Page 93 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS......Page 105 4.1 Nodal Analysis......Page 106 4.2 The Supernode......Page 115 4.3 Mesh Analysis......Page 118 4.4 The Supermesh......Page 124 4.5 Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis: A Comparison......Page 127 4.6 Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis......Page 129 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 133 EXERCISES......Page 135 Linear Elements and Linear Circuits......Page 149 The Superposition Principle......Page 150 Practical Voltage Sources......Page 159 Equivalent Practical Sources......Page 161 Several Key Points......Page 165 5.3 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits......Page 167 Thévenin’s Theorem......Page 169 A Few Key Points......Page 170 Norton’s Theorem......Page 171 When Dependent Sources Are Present......Page 173 A Quick Recap of Procedures......Page 175 5.4 Maximum Power Transfer......Page 178 5.5 Delta-Wye Conversion......Page 180 5.6 Selecting an Approach: A Summary of Various Techniques......Page 183 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 184 EXERCISES......Page 185 6.1 Background......Page 201 6.2 The Ideal Op Amp: A Cordial Introduction......Page 202 6.3 Cascaded Stages......Page 210 A Reliable Voltage Source......Page 214 A Reliable Current Source......Page 216 A More Detailed Op Amp Model......Page 218 Derivation of the Ideal Op Amp Rules......Page 220 Common-Mode Rejection......Page 221 Negative Feedback......Page 222 Saturation......Page 223 Input Offset Voltage......Page 224 Slew Rate......Page 225 Packaging......Page 226 The Comparator......Page 229 The Instrumentation Amplifier......Page 230 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 232 READING FURTHER......Page 233 EXERCISES......Page 234 Ideal Capacitor Model......Page 243 Integral Voltage-Current Relationships......Page 246 Energy Storage......Page 248 Ideal Inductor Model......Page 251 Integral Voltage-Current Relationships......Page 255 Energy Storage......Page 257 Inductors in Series......Page 261 Capacitors in Series......Page 262 Capacitors in Parallel......Page 263 7.4 Consequences of Linearity......Page 264 7.5 Simple Op Amp Circuits with Capacitors......Page 266 7.6 Duality......Page 268 7.7 Modeling Capacitors and Inductors with PSpice......Page 271 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 273 EXERCISES......Page 275 8.1 The Source-Free RL Circuit......Page 287 A Direct Approach......Page 288 A More General Solution Approach......Page 290 A Direct Route: The Characteristic Equation......Page 291 Accounting for the Energy......Page 293 8.2 Properties of the Exponential Response......Page 294 8.3 The Source-Free RC Circuit......Page 298 General RL Circuits......Page 301 Slicing Thinly: The Distinction Between 0[Sup(+)] and 0[Sup(-)]......Page 302 General RC Circuits......Page 305 8.5 The Unit-Step Function......Page 308 Physical Sources and the Unit-Step Function......Page 310 The Rectangular Pulse Function......Page 311 8.6 Driven RL Circuits......Page 312 A More Direct Procedure......Page 313 8.7 Natural and Forced Response......Page 315 The Natural Response......Page 316 Determination of the Complete Response......Page 317 8.8 Driven RC Circuits......Page 321 8.9 Predicting the Response of Sequentially Switched Circuits......Page 326 Case I: Time Enough to Fully Charge and Fully Discharge......Page 328 Case III: No Time to Fully Charge But Time to Fully Discharge......Page 329 Case IV: No Time to Fully Charge or Even Fully Discharge......Page 330 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 332 READING FURTHER......Page 334 EXERCISES......Page 335 9.1 The Source-Free Parallel Circuit......Page 347 Solution of the Differential Equation......Page 348 Definition of Frequency Terms......Page 350 Finding Values for A[Sub(1)] and A[Sub(2)]......Page 352 Graphical Representation of the Overdamped Response......Page 357 Form of a Critically Damped Response......Page 360 Finding Values for A[Sub(1)] and A[Sub(2)]......Page 361 Graphical Representation of the Critically Damped Response......Page 362 The Form of the Underdamped Response......Page 364 Finding Values for BB[Sub(1)] and B[Sub(2)]......Page 365 The Role of Finite Resistance......Page 366 9.5 The Source-Free Series RLC Circuit......Page 371 A Brief Résumé of the Series Circuit Response......Page 372 The Easy Part......Page 377 The Other Part......Page 378 A Quick Summary of the Solution Process......Page 383 9.7 The Lossless LC Circuit......Page 385 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 387 EXERCISES......Page 389 10.1 Characteristics of Sinusoids......Page 397 Lagging and Leading......Page 398 Converting Sines to Cosines......Page 399 The Steady-State Response......Page 400 A More Compact and User-Friendly Form......Page 401 10.3 The Complex Forcing Function......Page 404 Applying a Complex Forcing Function......Page 405 An Algebraic Alternative to Differential Equations......Page 406 10.4 The Phasor......Page 409 The Resistor......Page 411 The Inductor......Page 412 Kirchhoff’s Laws Using Phasors......Page 413 Parallel Impedance Combinations......Page 415 Reactance......Page 416 10.6 Nodal and Mesh Analysis......Page 420 10.7 Superposition, Source Transformations and Thévenin’s Theorem......Page 423 10.8 Phasor Diagrams......Page 432 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 435 EXERCISES......Page 436 CHAPTER 11 AC CIRCUIT POWER ANALYSIS......Page 447 11.1 Instantaneous Power......Page 448 Power Due to Sinusoidal Excitation......Page 449 11.2 Average Power......Page 450 Average Power for Periodic Waveforms......Page 451 Average Power in the Sinusoidal Steady State......Page 452 Average Power Absorbed by Purely Reactive Elements......Page 454 Maximum Power Transfer......Page 456 Average Power for Nonperiodic Functions......Page 457 Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform......Page 459 Effective (RMS) Value of a Sinusoidal Waveform......Page 460 Effective Value with Multiple-Frequency Circuits......Page 461 11.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor......Page 464 11.5 Complex Power......Page 467 The Power Triangle......Page 468 Power Measurement......Page 469 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 473 EXERCISES......Page 475 CHAPTER 12 POLYPHASE CIRCUITS......Page 483 12.1 Polyphase Systems......Page 484 Double-Subscript Notation......Page 485 12.2 Single-Phase Three-Wire Systems......Page 486 Effect of Finite Wire Impedance......Page 487 12.3 Three-Phase Y-Y Connection......Page 490 Line-to-Line Voltages......Page 491 12.4 The Delta (Δ) Connection......Page 496 Δ-Connected Sources......Page 499 Use of the Wattmeter......Page 502 The Wattmeter in a Three-Phase System......Page 504 The Two-Wattmeter Method......Page 507 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 510 EXERCISES......Page 512 13.1 Mutual Inductance......Page 519 Coefficient of Mutual Inductance......Page 520 Dot Convention......Page 521 Combined Mutual and Self-Induction Voltage......Page 522 Physical Basis of the Dot Convention......Page 523 13.2 Energy Considerations......Page 527 Equality of M[Sub(12)] and M[Sub(21)]......Page 528 Establishing an Upper Limit for M......Page 529 The Coupling Coefficient......Page 530 Reflected Impedance......Page 531 T and π Equivalent Networks......Page 533 Turns Ratio of an Ideal Transformer......Page 538 Use of Transformers for Impedance Matching......Page 540 Use of Transformers for Voltage Level Adjustment......Page 541 Voltage Relationship in the Time Domain......Page 543 Equivalent Circuits......Page 545 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 548 EXERCISES......Page 549 14.1 Complex Frequency......Page 559 The General Form......Page 560 The Sinusoidal Case......Page 561 The Relationship of s to Reality......Page 562 14.2 The Damped Sinusoidal Forcing Function......Page 563 14.3 Definition of the Laplace Transform......Page 566 The Two-Sided Laplace Transform......Page 567 The One-Sided Laplace Transform......Page 568 14.4 Laplace Transforms of Simple Time Functions......Page 569 The Unit-Impulse Function δ(t – t[Sub(0)])......Page 570 The Ramp Function tu(t)......Page 571 The Linearity Theorem......Page 572 Inverse Transform Techniques for Rational Functions......Page 573 Distinct Poles and the Method of Residues......Page 574 Repeated Poles......Page 576 Time Differentiation Theorem......Page 579 Time-Integration Theorem......Page 581 The Time-Shift Theorem......Page 584 The Initial-Value Theorem......Page 587 The Final-Value Theorem......Page 588 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 590 EXERCISES......Page 591 Resistors in the Frequency Domain......Page 597 Modeling Inductors in the s-Domain......Page 598 Modeling Capacitors in the s-Domain......Page 601 15.2 Nodal and Mesh Analysis in the s-Domain......Page 604 15.3 Additional Circuit Analysis Techniques......Page 611 15.4 Poles, Zeros, and Transfer Functions......Page 614 The Impulse Response......Page 615 Convolution and Realizable Systems......Page 617 Graphical Method of Convolution......Page 618 Convolution and the Laplace Transform......Page 621 Further Comments on Transfer Functions......Page 623 15.6 The Complex-Frequency Plane......Page 624 Pole-Zero Constellations......Page 626 15.7 Natural Response and the s Plane......Page 628 A More General Perspective......Page 630 A Special Case......Page 631 15.8 A Technique for Synthesizing the Voltage Ratio H(s) = V[Sub(out)]/V[Sub(in)]......Page 632 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 636 EXERCISES......Page 638 16.1 Parallel Resonance......Page 645 Resonance......Page 646 Resonance and the Voltage Response......Page 648 Quality Factor......Page 649 Damping Factor......Page 651 16.2 Bandwidth and High-Q Circuits......Page 653 Bandwidth......Page 654 Approximations for High-Q Circuits......Page 655 16.3 Series Resonance......Page 659 16.4 Other Resonant Forms......Page 663 Equivalent Series and Parallel Combinations......Page 665 16.5 Scaling......Page 670 16.6 Bode Diagrams......Page 674 The Decibel (dB) Scale......Page 675 Determination of Asymptotes......Page 676 Multiple Terms......Page 677 Phase Response......Page 678 Additional Considerations in Creating Bode Plots......Page 679 Higher-Order Terms......Page 683 Complex Conjugate Pairs......Page 684 16.7 Basic Filter Design......Page 690 Passive Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters......Page 691 Bandpass Filters......Page 693 Active Filters......Page 695 16.8 Advanced Filter Design......Page 698 The Sallen-Key Amplifier......Page 699 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 703 EXERCISES......Page 705 17.1 One-Port Networks......Page 713 17.2 Admittance Parameters......Page 718 17.3 Some Equivalent Networks......Page 725 17.4 Impedance Parameters......Page 734 17.5 Hybrid Parameters......Page 739 17.6 Transmission Parameters......Page 742 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 746 READING FURTHER......Page 747 EXERCISES......Page 748 18.1 Trigonometric Form of the Fourier Series......Page 759 Harmonics......Page 760 The Fourier Series......Page 761 Some Useful Trigonometric Integrals......Page 762 Evaluation of the Fourier Coefficients......Page 763 Line and Phase Spectra......Page 767 Symmetry and Fourier Series Terms......Page 769 Half-Wave Symmetry......Page 771 18.3 Complete Response to Periodic Forcing Functions......Page 774 18.4 Complex Form of the Fourier Series......Page 776 The Sampling Function......Page 780 18.5 Definition of the Fourier Transform......Page 783 18.6 Some Properties of the Fourier Transform......Page 787 Physical Significance of the Fourier Transform......Page 788 The Unit-Impulse Function......Page 790 The Signum Function......Page 792 The Unit-Step Function......Page 793 18.8 The Fourier Transform of a General Periodic Time Function......Page 795 18.9 The System Function and Response in the Frequency Domain......Page 796 18.10 The Physical Significance of the System Function......Page 803 Epilogue......Page 806 SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 808 EXERCISES......Page 809 APPENDIX 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK TOPOLOGY......Page 817 APPENDIX 2 SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS......Page 829 APPENDIX 3 A PROOF OF THÉVENIN’S THEOREM......Page 837 APPENDIX 4 A PSPICE® TUTORIAL......Page 839 APPENDIX 5 COMPLEX NUMBERS......Page 843 APPENDIX 6 A BRIEF MATLAB® TUTORIAL......Page 853 APPENDIX 7 ADDITIONAL LAPLACE TRANSFORM THEOREMS......Page 859 INDEX......Page 865

The hallmark feature of this classic text is its focus on the student - it is written so that students may teach the science of circuit analysis to themselves. Terms are clearly defined when they are introduced, basic material appears toward the beginning of each chapter and is explained carefully and in detail, and numerical examples are used to introduce and suggest general results. Simple practice problems appear throughout each chapter, while more difficult problems appear at the end of chapters, following the order of presentation of text material. This introduction and resulting repetition provide an important boost to the learning process.

Hayt's rich pedagogy supports and encourages the student throughout by offering tips and warnings, using design to highlight key material, and providing lots of opportunities for hands-on learning. The thorough exposition of topics is delivered in an informal way that underscores the authors' conviction that circuit analysis can and should be fun.