Engineering Chemistry

Cover Copyright Dedication Brief Contents Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgements About the Authors 1: Water Technology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Sources of Water 1.3 Types of Impurities Present in Water 1.4 Hard Water and Hardness 1.5 Determination of Hardness 1.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 1.7 Determination of Chlorides in Water 1.8 Determination of Acidity in Water 1.9 Alkalinity of Water 1.10 Disadvantages of Hard Water 1.11 Quality of Water for Domestic Use 1.12 Treatment of Water for Domestic Use 1.13 Break-Point Chlorination 1.14 Boilers and Boiler Troubles 1.15 Softening of Water 1.16 Desalination 1.17 Review Questions 1.17.1 Fill in the Blanks 1.17.2 Multiple-choice Questions 1.17.3 Short Answer Questions 1.17.4 Descriptive Questions 1.17.5 Problems for Practice 2: Polymers 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Degree of Polymerisation 2.3 Classification of Polymers 2.3.1 Classification Based on Source 2.3.2 Classification Based on Composition 2.3.3 Classification Based on Chemical Composition 2.3.4 Classification Based on Structure 2.3.5 Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation 2.3.6 Classification Based on the Molecular Forces 2.3.7 Classification Based on Tacticity 2.4 Types of Polymerization 2.4.1 Condensation Polymerisation or Step Polymerisation 2.4.2 Addition/Vinyl/Chain Polymerisation 2.4.3 Coordination Polymerisation 2.5 Molecular Mass of a Polymer 2.6 Plastics 2.7 Important Polymers—Composition, Preparation, Properties and Engineering Uses 2.7.1 Thermoplastics 2.7.2 Thermosetting Plastics 2.8 Rubber (Elastomers) 2.8.1 Processing of Natural Rubber 2.8.2 Gutta–Percha 2.8.3 Vulcanisation of Rubber 2.8.4 Compounding of Rubber 2.8.5 Synthetic Rubbers or Artificial Rubber 2.8.6 Important Artificial Rubbers 2.9 Reinforced or Filled Plastics 2.9.1 Composition 2.9.2 Nature of Polymers Used 2.9.3 Application of Filled Plastics (Reinforced Plastics) 2.10 Biopolymers 2.10.1 Major Feed Stocks for Biopolymers 2.10.2 Preparation Methods 2.10.3 Important Biodegradable Polymers 2.10.4 Importance of Biopolymers in Sustainable Development 2.11 Conducting Polymers 2.11.1 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer (ICP) or Conjugated π-Electrons Conducting Polymer 2.11.2 Conducting Polyaniline 2.11.3 Extrinsically Conducting Polymers 2.12 Polyphosphazenes/Phosphonitrilic Polymers 2.13 Composites 2.13.1 Constituents of Composites 2.13.2 Classification of Composites 2.13.3 Advantages of Composites over Conventional Materials 2.13.4 Applications of Composites 2.14 Review Questions 2.14.1 Fill in the Blanks 2.14.2 Multiple-choice Questions 2.14.3 Short Answer Questions 2.14.4 Descriptive Questions 3: Fuels and Combustion 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classification of Fuels 3.3 Units of Heat 3.4 Calorific Value 3.5 Determination of Calorific Value 3.5.1 Bomb Calorimeter 3.5.2 Junker’s Calorimeter 3.6 Characteristics of Good Fuel 3.7 Solid Fuels 3.7.1 Coal 3.7.2 Analysis of Coal 3.7.2.1 Proximate Analysis of Coal 3.7.2.2 Ultimate Analysis of Coal 3.7.3 Metallurgical Coke 3.7.4 Manufacture of Metallurgical Coke 3.8 Liquid Fuels 3.8.1 Petroleum Refining 3.8.2 Important Petroleum Products and their Uses 3.9 Synthetic Petrol 3.9.1 Cracking 3.9.1.1 Thermal Cracking 3.9.1.2 Catalytic Cracking 3.9.2 Fischer–Trapsch Method 3.9.3 Bergius Method 3.10 Power Alcohol 3.10.1 Manufacture of Power Alcohol 3.11 Knocking 3.12 Diesel Engine, Cetane and Octane Number 3.13 Gaseous Fuels 3.13.1 Natural Gas 3.13.2 Producer Gas (or) Suction Gas 3.13.3 Water Gas (or) Blue Gas 3.13.4 Coal Gas 3.13.5 Biogas 3.14 Flue Gas Analysis by Orsats Apparatus 3.15 Review Questions 3.15.1 Fill in the Blanks 3.15.2 Multiple-choice Questions 3.15.3 Short Answer Questions 3.15.4 Descriptive Questions 4: Alternate Energy Resources 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Conventional or Traditional Energy Resources 4.1.2 Nonconventional Energy Resources or Renewable Energy Sources 4.1.3 Alternative Energy 4.2 Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Storage Devices 4.2.1 Solar Energy 4.2.2 Wind Energy 4.2.3 Geothermal Energy 4.2.4 Water Power 4.2.5 Biomass 4.2.6 Nuclear Energy 4.2.7 Nuclear Reactions 4.3 Review Questions 4.3.1 Fill in the Blanks 4.3.2 Multiple-choice Questions 4.3.3 Short Answer Questions 4.3.4 Descriptive Questions 5: Electrochemistry and Batteries 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Electrolysis 5.2.1 Laws of Electrolysis 5.3 Electrolytic Conduction 5.3.1 Factors Affecting Electrolytic Conduction 5.3.2 Electrical Resistance and Conductance 5.3.3 Specific, Equivalent and Molar Conductivities 5.3.4 Equivalent Conductivity 5.3.5 Molar Conductivity 5.3.6 Measurement of Electrolytic Conductance 5.3.7 Variation of Conductivity with Concentration 5.3.8 Conductance Behaviour of Strong Electrolyte 5.3.9 Conductance Behaviour of Weak Electrolyte 5.4 Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions 5.5 Conductometric Titrations 5.6 Electrochemical Cells 5.7 Types of Electrodes 5.8 Reference Electrode 5.9 Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) 5.9.1 Electrochemical Circuit and Working of ISE 5.9.2 Types of Ion – Selective Membranes 5.9.3 Applications of Ion Selective Electrodes 5.10 Glass Electrode 5.10.1 Construction of Glass Electrode 5.11 Concentration Cell 5.12 Potentiometric Titrations 5.13 Electrochemical Sensors 5.13.1 Potentiometric Sensor 5.13.2 Analysis of Glucose in Blood 5.13.3 Analysis of Urea 5.14 Voltammetry 5.14.1 Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) 5.14.2 Ferric Fe3+/Fe2+ System 5.14.3 Cyclic Voltammetry 5.14.4 Applications of Voltammetry 5.15 Batteries 5.15.1 Advantages of Batteries 5.15.2 Disadvantages of Batteries 5.16 Review Questions 5.16.1 Fill in the Blanks 5.16.2 Multiple-choice Questions 5.16.3 Short Answer Questions 5.16.4 Solved Numerical Problems 5.16.5 Descriptive Questions 5.16.6 Problems for Practice 6: Science of Corrosion 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Causes of Corrosion 6.1.2 Types of Corrosion 6.2 Galvanic Series 6.2.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion 6.3 Protection from Corrosion (Preventive Measures for Corrosion Control) 6.4 Review Questions 6.4.1 Fill in the Blanks 6.4.2 Multiple-choice Questions 6.4.3 Short Answer Questions 6.4.4 Descriptive Questions 7: Chemistry of Engineering Materials 7.1 Semiconducting and Super Conducting Materials 7.1.1 Semiconductor 7.1.2 Applications of Semiconductors 7.1.3 Superconductors 7.2 Magnetic Materials 7.2.1 General Properties of Magnetic Materials 7.2.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials 7.2.3 Applications of Magnetic Materials 7.3 Cement 7.3.1 Classification of Cement 7.3.2 Raw Materials Used in the Manufacture of Portland Cement 7.3.3 Manufacture of Portland Cement 7.3.4 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement and its Importance 7.3.5 Setting and Hardening of Cement 7.3.6 ISI Specifications of Cement 7.3.7 Analysis of Cement 7.3.8 Plaster of Paris/Gypsum Plaster 7.4 Refractories 7.4.1 Characteristics of Good Refractory Materials 7.4.2 Failures of Refractory Materials 7.4.3 Classification of Refractories 7.4.4 Properties of Refractories 7.4.5 Manufacture of High-Alumina Bricks, Magnesite Bricks and Zirconia Bricks 7.5 Lubricants 7.5.1 Important Functions of Lubricants 7.5.2 Mechanism of Lubrication 7.5.3 Classification of Lubricants 7.5.4 Properties of Lubricants 7.5.5 Redwood Viscometer 7.5.6 Engler’s Viscometer 7.5.7 Saybolt Viscometer 7.5.8 U-Tube Viscometer 7.5.9 Conversion of Redwood, Engler and Saybolt Viscosities into Absolute Units 7.6 Explosives and Propellants 7.6.1 Some Important Terms about Explosives 7.6.2 Classification of Explosives 7.6.3 Precautions during Storage of Explosives 7.6.4 Blasting Fuses 7.6.5 Important Explosives and their Preparation 7.6.6 Rocket Propellants 7.6.7 Characteristics of a Good Propellant 7.6.8 Classifications of Propellants 7.7 Nanomaterials 7.7.1 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 7.7.2 Characterisation 7.7.3 Importance 7.7.4 Broad Classification of Nanomaterials 7.7.5 Fullerenes 7.7.6 Types of Fullerenes 7.7.7 Properties of Nanomaterials 7.7.8 Applications of Nanomaterials 7.8 Liquid Crystals 7.8.1 Characteristics of Liquid Crystal Phase 7.8.2 Classification of Liquid Crystals 7.8.3 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals 7.8.4 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals 7.8.5 Chemical Properties of Liquid Crystals 7.8.6 Applications of Liquid Crystals 7.9 Abrasives 7.9.1 Hardness of Abrasive 7.9.2 Natural Abrasives 7.9.3 Artificial Abrasives 7.10 Review Questions 7.10.1 Fill in the Blanks 7.10.2 Multiple-choice Questions 7.10.3 Short Answer Questions 7.10.4 Descriptive Questions 8: Phase Rule 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Explanation of the Terms Involved in Phase Equilibria 8.2.1 Phase (P) 8.2.2 Components (C) 8.2.3 Degree of Freedom (F) 8.2.4 True and Metastable Equilibrium 8.2.5 Eutectic Mixture and Eutectic Point 8.2.6 Triple Point 8.3 Phase Rule 8.3.1 Assumptions for the Validation of Phase Rule 8.3.2 Thermodynamic Derivation of the Phase Rule 8.3.3 Utility of Phase Rule | Application of Phase Rule 8.3.4 Limitations of Phase Rule 8.4 Phase Diagrams 8.5 One Component System 8.6 Two Component System 8.6.1 Eutectic System 8.6.2 Lead (Pb) – Silver (Ag) System 8.7 Heat Treatment of Steel 8.8 Review Questions 8.8.1 Fill in the Blanks 8.8.2 Multiple-choice Questions 8.8.3 Short Answer Questions 8.8.4 Solved Numerical Problems 8.8.5 Descriptive Questions 9: Photochemistry 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Light Source in Photochemistry 9.3 Laws of Photochemistry 9.3.1 Grotthuss–Draper Law or The First Law of Photochemistry 9.3.2 Stark-Einstein Law or Photochemical Equivalence Law 9.3.3 Beer-Lambert Law 9.4 Photophysical and Chemical Processes 9.4.1 Photophysical Process 9.4.2 Photochemical Process 9.5 Quantum Yield and Quantum Efficiency 9.6 Photosensitisation 9.7 Photodynamic Therapy 9.8 Important Photochemical Reactions 9.9 Review Questions 9.9.1 Fill in the Blanks 9.9.2 Multiple-choice Questions 9.9.3 Short Answer Questions 9.9.4 Descriptive Questions 10: Surface Chemistry 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Adsorption 10.2.1 Mechanism of Adsorption 10.2.2 Adsorption is Exothermic 10.2.3 Difference between Adsorption and Absorption 10.2.4 Examples of Adsorption, Absorption, and Sorption 10.2.5 Positive and Negative Adsorptions 10.2.6 Classification of Adsorption 10.2.7 Factors Affecting the Adsorption of Gases by Solids 10.2.8 Adsorption Isotherms 10.2.9 Applications of Adsorption 10.3 Colloidal State 10.3.1 Types of Solution 10.3.2 Classification of Colloids 10.3.3 Properties of Colloidal Solutions 10.3.4 Applications of Colloids 10.4 Review Questions 10.4.1 Fill in the Blanks 10.4.2 Multiple-choice Questions 10.4.3 Short Answer Questions 10.4.4 Long Answer Questions 11: Thermodynamics 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Thermodynamic Terms and Basic Concepts 11.2 Types of Thermodynamic Systems 11.2.1 Isolated System 11.2.2 Closed System 11.2.3 Open System 11.3 Intensive and Extensive Properties 11.3.1 Intensive Property 11.3.2 Extensive Property 11.3.3 State Variables 11.4 Reversible and Irreversible Process 11.4.1 Reversible Process 11.4.2 Irreversible Process 11.4.3 Thermodynamic Processes 11.4.4 Isothermal Process or Isothermal Change 11.4.5 Indicator Diagram 11.4.6 Work Done by a System in an Adiabatic Process 11.4.7 First Law of Thermodynamics and its Applications 11.4.8 Second Law of Thermodynamics 11.4.9 Carnot’s Engine Efficiency 11.4.10 Working of Carnot’s Engine 11.4.11 Absolute Zero 11.4.12 Numerical Problems Based on Carnot’s Cycle 11.4.13 Solved Numerical Problems Based on Isothermal and Adiabatic Process 11.5 Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell Equations 11.5.1 Thermodynamic Potential 11.5.2 Internal Energy (U) 11.5.3 Total Heat Function (H) 11.5.4 Helmholtz Function (F) 11.5.5 Gibb’s Free Energy or Gibb’s Function (G) 11.5.6 Maxwell’s Equations 11.5.7 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 11.5.8 Derivation of the Stefan–Boltzmann Law using Maxwell’s Equations 11.5.9 Joule–Thomson Effect or Joule–Kelvin Effect 11.6 Review Questions 11.6.1 Fill in the Blanks 11.6.2 Multiple-choice Questions 11.6.3 Short Answer Questions 11.6.4 Descriptive Questions 12: Metals in Biological System 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Essential Elements 12.2.1 Bulk Elements 12.2.2 Macrominerals 12.2.3 Micro Elements (Trace Elements) 12.3 Non-Essential Elements 12.4 Important Metals in Biological Systems 12.4.1 Haemoglobin 12.4.2 Myoglobin 12.4.3 Vitamin B12 12.4.4 Chlorophyll 12.5 Metals and their Toxicity 12.5.1 Toxicity of Arsenic 12.5.2 Toxicity of Lead 12.5.3 Toxicity of Mercury 12.6 Review Questions 12.6.1 Fill in the Blanks 12.6.2 Multiple-choice Questions 12.6.3 Short Answer Questions 12.6.4 Descriptive Questions 13: Organometallic Compounds 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Organometallic Chemistry Timeline 13.2 Organolithium Compounds 13.2.1 Preparation of Organolithium Compounds 13.2.2 Properties of Organolithium Compounds 13.3 Organomagnesium Compounds 13.3.1 Preparation of Organomagnesium Compounds 13.3.2 Properties of Organomagnesium Compounds 13.4 Metal Carbonyls 13.4.1 Ligand 13.4.2 Effective Atomic Number 13.4.3 Preparation of Carbonyls 13.4.4 Properties of Carbonyls 13.4.5 Structure of Carbonyls 13.5 Review Questions 13.5.1 Fill in the Blanks 13.5.2 Multiple-choice Questions 13.5.3 Short Answer Questions 13.5.4 Descriptive Questions 14: Coordination Chemistry 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Basic Requirements to Formation of Coordination Compound 14.3 Nomenclature of Metal Complexes 14.3.1 Cationic Complex 14.3.2 Anionic Complex 14.3.3 Nonionic Complexes 14.3.4 Polynuclear Complex 14.3.5 Complex with Metal-Metal Bond 14.4 Theories of Coordination Chemistry 14.4.1 Werner’s Theory 14.4.2 Sidgwick’s Electronic Concept Theory 14.4.3 Valance Bond Theory 14.4.4 Crystal Field Theory 14.4.5 Common Single Atomic Ligands and their Field Strength 14.4.6 Molecular Orbital Theory of Coordination Complexes 14.5 Factors Affecting the Stability of Coordination Compounds 14.6 Determination of Complex Ion Formation 14.7 Stability of Coordination Compounds 14.8 Applications of Coordination Compounds 14.9 Review Questions 14.9.1 Fill in the Blanks 14.9.2 Multiple-choice Questions 14.9.3 Short Answer Questions 14.9.4 Descriptive Questions 15: Structure and Reactivity of Organic and Inorganic Molecules 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Hybridisation 15.2.1 Salient Features of Hybridisation 15.2.2 Important Conditions for Hybridisation 15.2.3 Types of Hybridisation 15.3 Bond Polarisation 15.3.1 Electron Displacement in Covalent Bonds 15.4 Reaction Intermediates 15.4.1 Free Radicals 15.4.2 Carbocations or Carbonium Ions 15.4.3 Carbanions 15.4.4 Carbenes 15.4.5 Nitrenes or Imidogens 15.4.6 Benzynes 15.5 Molecular Orbital Theory 15.5.1 Important Points on Molecular Orbital Diagrams 15.5.2 Fundamental Steps for Constructing Molecular Orbitals 15.5.3 Five Basic Rules of Molecular Orbital Theory 15.5.4 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals and Type of Atomic Orbitals 15.5.5 Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams of Homo Atomic Molecules 15.5.6 Molecular Energy Level Diagrams of Hetero Atomic Molecules 15.6 Review Questions 15.6.1 Fill in the Blanks 15.6.2 Multiple-choice Questions 15.6.3 Short Answer Questions 15.6.4 Descriptive Questions 16: Stereochemistry 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Isomerism 16.2.1 Structural Isomerism 16.2.2 Space or Stereoisomerism 16.3 Classification of Structural Isomerism 16.3.1 Chain or Nuclear Isomerism 16.3.2 Position Isomerism 16.3.3 Ring or Chain Isomerism 16.3.4 Functional Group Isomerism 16.3.5 Metamerism 16.3.6 Tautomerism 16.4 Classification of Stereoisomerism 16.4.1 Geometrical Isomerism 16.4.2 Optical Isomerism 16.4.3 Conformational Isomers 16.4.4 R–S Nomenclature or CIP Nomenclature 16.4.5 E–Z Nomenclature 16.5 Molecular Representation 16.5.1 Wedge and Dash Projections 16.5.2 Fisher Projections 16.5.3 Sawhorse Representation 16.5.4 Newman Representation 16.6 Molecular Isomerism 16.7 Review Questions 16.7.1 Fill in the Blanks 16.7.2 Multiple-choice Questions 16.7.3 Short Answer Questions 16.7.4 Descriptive Questions 17: Spectroscopy 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Ultra Violet and Visible Spectroscopy 17.2.1 Principle 17.2.2 Instrumentation 17.2.3 Instrumental Design 17.2.4 Electronic Transitions 17.2.5 Chromophores 17.2.6 Auxochrome 17.2.7 Woodward–Fieser Rules 17.2.8 Factors Affecting the Position of the λ Maximum and Intensity of Radiation 17.2.9 Franck-Condon Principle 17.2.10 Solved Problems Based on UV-Vis Spectroscopy 17.2.11 Applications of UV-Visible Spectroscopy 17.3 IR-Spectroscopy 17.3.1 Basic Principle 17.3.2 Instrumentation 17.3.3 Molecular Vibrations 17.3.4 Factors Affecting Vibrational Frequency 17.3.5 Degrees of Freedom 17.3.6 Solved Problems Based on IR Spectra 17.3.7 Applications of IR Spectroscopy 17.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 17.4.1 Principle 17.4.2 Instrumentation 17.4.3 Chemical Shift 17.4.4 Spin-Spin Splitting, Spin-Spin Interaction, Spin–Spin Coupling or Fine Spectrum 17.4.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 17.4.6 High Resolution Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 17.4.7 NMR Applications 17.4.8 Solved Problems Based on Proton NMR 17.5 Review Questions 17.5.1 Fill in the Blanks 17.5.2 Multiple-choice Questions 17.5.3 Short Answer Questions 17.5.4 Descriptive Questions 18: Thermal Analysis 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis 18.2.1 Principle of TGA 18.2.2 Applications of TGA 18.3 Differential Thermal Analysis 18.3.1 Principle of DTA 18.4 Review Questions 18.4.1 Fill in the Blanks 18.4.2 Multiple-choice Questions 18.4.3 Short Answer Questions 18.4.4 Descriptive Questions 19: Chromatography 19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 Chromatography Timeline 19.2 Classification of Chromatography 19.2.1 Classification Based on Mobile Phase 19.2.2 Classification Based on Attractive Forces 19.2.3 Classification Based on Partition of Relative Solubility of Analyte in Mobile and Stationary Phase 19.2.4 Chromatographic Techniques on the Type of Support Material Used in the System 19.3 Types of Chromatography 19.3.1 Gas-Liquid-Chromatography 19.4 Chromatography Theory 19.4.1 Distribution Coefficient or Partition Coefficient (K) 19.4.2 Retention Time (tR) 19.4.3 Retention Volume (VR) 19.4.4 Plate Theory 19.5 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 19.5.1 Instrumentation 19.5.2 Theory of High Performance Liquid Chromatography 19.6 Review Questions 19.6.1 Fill in the Blanks 19.6.2 Multiple-choice Questions 19.6.3 Short Answer Questions 19.6.4 Descriptive Questions 20: Solid State and X-Ray Diffraction 20.1 Introduction 20.1.1 Crystal Structure 20.2 Crystal Systems 20.2.1 Laws of Crystallography 20.3 Crystal Defects 20.3.1 Stoichiometric Defect 20.3.2 Non-stoichiometric Defect 20.4 X-ray Diffraction 20.4.1 Introduction 20.4.2 Principle 20.4.3 X-ray Diffraction of Crystals and Bragg’s Equation 20.4.4 Determination of Crystal Structure with Bragg’s Equation 20.4.5 X-ray Diffraction Methods 20.4.6 Instrumentation of X-ray 20.5 Application of X-ray Diffraction 20.6 Review Questions 20.6.1 Fill in the Blanks 20.6.2 Multiple-choice Questions 20.6.3 Short Answer Questions 20.6.4 Descriptive Questions 21: Green Chemistry 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry 21.3 Importance of Green Synthesis 21.3.1 Methods for Green Synthesis 21.3.2 Applications of Green Synthesis 21.4 Greenhouse Concepts 21.4.1 Types of Greenhouse 21.5 Greenhouse Gases and Greenhouse Effect 21.5.1 Natural Greenhouse Effect 21.5.2 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect 21.5.3 Greenhouse Gas Effect 21.5.4 Requirements for Greenhouse 21.6 Carbon Sequestration 21.6.1 Importance of Carbon Sequestration 21.7 Why Carbon Dioxide is a Major Problem 21.8 Review Questions 21.8.1 Fill in the Blanks 21.8.2 Multiple-choice Questions 21.8.3 Short Answer Questions 21.8.4 Descriptive Questions Lab Manual 1: Estimation of Magnesium by EDTA Method Aim Principle Procedure Part A: Preparation of Standard Magnesium Sulphate Solution Part B: Standardisation of EDTA Solution Part C: Estimation of Magnesium Result Viva Questions 2: Estimation of Total Hardness of Water by EDTA Method Aim Principle Part A: Preparation of Standard Magnesium Sulphate Solution Part B: Standardisation of EDTA Solution Part C: Estimation of Total Hardness of Given Water Sample Result Viva Questions 3: Estimation of Copper by EDTA Method Aim Principle Procedure Part A: Preparation of Standard Copper Sulphate Solution Part B: Standardisation of EDTA Solution Part C: Estimation of Copper Result Viva Questions 4: Estimation of Copper by Iodometery Aim Principle Procedure Part A: Preparation of Standard Potassium Dichromate Solution Part B: Standardisation of Hypo Solution Part C: Estimation of Copper Result Viva Questions 5: Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Given Water Sample Aim Method Principle Procedure Result Discussion Viva Questions 6: Estimation of Ferrous Iron by Dichrometry Aim Principle Procedure Part A: Preparation of Standard Mohr’s Salt Solution Part B: Standardisation of Potassium Dichromate Solution Part C: Estimation of Ferrous Iron Result Viva Questions 7: Conductometry Aim Apparatus Principle Procedure Precautions Calculations Graph Result Viva Questions 8: Redwood Viscometer No. 1 Aim Principle Apparatus Description Oil Cup Heating Bath Stirrer Levelling Screws Kohlrausch Flask Procedure Theory Model Graphs Result Viva Questions Redwood Viscometer No. 2 Aim Principle Apparatus Description Oil Cup Heating Bath Stirrer Levelling Screws Flask Procedure Theory Model Graphs Result 9: Phase Diagram: Urea Vs Benzoic Acid Aim Principle Procedure Graph Result Viva Questions 10: Bomb Calorimeter Aim Apparatus Principle Description of Equipment Procedure Calculations Precautions Result Viva Questions 11: Determination of Iron in Steel Aim Reagents Required Principle Procedure Part A: Standardisation of Potassium Permanganate Solution Part B: Determination of Iron in the Steel Sample Result Viva Questions 12: Estimation of Chloride and Salt in Given Water Samples Aim Reagents Principle Procedure Calculations Sample A Sample B Result Discussion Viva Questions 13: pH Metric Titration of Acid Vs Base Aim pH Metric Titration Apparatus Chemicals/Solutions Procedure Step A: Calibration of the pH Meter Step B: pH Metric Titration (Pilot Titration) Precautions Calculations and Graph 14: Procedure for Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Organic Substances Some Practical Equations with Detailed Explanation Solubility Water Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Lassaigne’s test Test for nitrogen Halogen Sulphur Esterification Borsche’s reagent Tollen’s reagent Fehling’s solution Schiff’s reagent Phenols azodye test Bromination Amines Carbylamine reaction Diazotisation Amides Derivatives Amines Bromo derivative Acetyl derivative Molisch’s test Glucose CH2—OH—(CHOH)4—CHO Reduction of Fehling solution Reduction of Tollen’s reagent 2,4 dinitro phenyl hydrazine Phenols derivatives Benzoate derivative Carboxylic acids Anilide derivative Index