Engineered Plumbing Design II

This is a unique book in that the mix between hands-on practical information and the scientific underpinnings of plumbing design is perfectly matched for the designer’s needs. Providing 22 chapters of comprehensive information and detail, this is an invaluable source for the professional plumbing engineer and designer. Front Matter 1 List of Figures 3 List of Tables 6 Preface 8 Table of Contents 9 1. Systems and Fixtures 13 1.1 Fixture Selection 14 1.2 Quality of Fixtures 14 1.3 Fixture Classification 16 1.4 Water Closets 16 1.5 Shape and Size 19 1.6 Water Closet Seat 20 1.7 Flushing Performance 20 1.8 Installation Requirements 21 1.9 Flushing Systems 22 1.9.1 Gravity Flush 22 1.9.2 Flushometer Tank 22 1.9.3 Flushometer Valve 23 1.9.4 Flush Tank Requirements 23 1.10 Urinals 24 1.11 Urinal Styles 25 1.12 Flushing Performance 25 1.13 Installation Requirements 26 1.14 Flushing Requirements 27 1.15 Lavatories 27 1.16 Size and Shape 27 1.17 Sinks 29 1.18 Service Sinks 29 1.19 Bathtubs 30 1.20 Showers 30 1.21 Drinking Fountains 31 1.22 Bidets 31 2. Fixture Traps 32 2.1 Prohibited Traps 32 2.2 Trap Seal 33 2.3 Siphonage 33 2.4 Induced Siphonage 33 2.5 Self-Siphonage 34 2.6 Limitation of Trap Seal Loss 36 2.7 Trap Installation 36 2.8 Intercepting Fixture Traps 37 2.9 Grease Interceptors 38 Questions 38 3. Flow in Horizontal Drainage Piping 39 3.1 Uniform Flow 39 3.2 Scouring Action 42 3.3 Surcharging 42 3.4 Sewer Shapes 43 Questions 44 4. Soil and Waste Stacks 45 4.1 Stack Connections 45 4.2 Flow in Stacks 45 4.3 Terminal Velocity Length 46 4.4 Stack Capacities 47 4.5 Hydraulic Jump 47 Questions 49 5. Drainage Systems 50 5.1 Storm Water Disposal 50 5.2 Combined Systems 50 5.3 High-Temperature Wastes 51 5.4 Drainage Systems below Sewer Level 51 5.5 Backwater Valves 51 5.6 House Traps and Fresh Air Inlets 51 5.7 Connections to Sanitary House Drains 53 5.8 Branch Connections to Stack Offsets 53 5.9 Piping Installation 54 5.10 Cleanouts 56 5.11 Indirect Wastes 59 5.12 Special Wastes 59 Questions 61 6. Drainage System Sizing 62 6.1 Rate of Flow in Branches 62 6.2 Fixture Drain Size 62 6.3 Sanitary Drainage Fixture Unit 63 6.4 Stack Sizing 64 6.5 Procedure for Sizing Stacks 67 6.6 House Drains 70 Questions 74 7. Storm Water Systems 75 7.1 Collection Areas 76 7.2 Vertical Walls 77 7.3 Sizing 78 7.4 Roof Gutters 78 7.5 Roof Drains 78 7.6 Material 79 7.7 Flow Velocity 80 7.8 Controlled-Flow Roof Drainage 80 7.9 Roof Loading 80 7.10 Storm Intensity 81 7.11 Drain-down Time 81 7.12 Design Configuration is the Key 81 7.13 Suggested Code for Controlled-Flow Roof Drainage 82 7.14 Subsoil Drainage 82 7.15 Combined Storm and Sanitary System 82 Questions 85 8. Vent Systems 86 8.1 Static Head 87 8.2 Pneumatic Effects in Sanitary Systems 87 8.3 Rate of Flow from Outlets 87 8.4 Static Pressure of Air 88 8.5 Friction Head Loss 88 8.6 Air Flow in Stacks 89 8.7 Air Flow in Horizontal Drains 90 8.8 Permissible Length of Vent Pipe 90 8.9 Gravity Circulation 90 8.10 Vent Stacks 91 8.11 Vent Terminals 91 8.12 Fixture Trap Vents 91 8.13 Distance of Vent from Trap 93 8.14 Various Methods of Fixture Trap Venting 95 8.15 Relief Vents 95 8.16 Continuous Venting 96 8.17 Wet Venting 96 8.18 Combination Waste and Vent Venting 98 8.19 Circuit and Loop Venting 99 8.20 Common Vents 100 8.21 Suds Pressure 100 8.22 Vapor Vents Local Vents 102 8.23 Ejector and Sump Vents 102 8.24 Frost Closure 103 8.25 Tests of Plumbing Systems 104 Questions 105 9. Vent Sizing 106 9.1 Sizing Vent Extensions and Terminals 106 9.2 Sizing Vent Headers 106 9.3 Sizing Individual Vents and Branch Vents 108 9.4 Sizing Relief Vents 109 9.5 Sizing Circuit Vents 109 10. Sumps and Ejectors 112 10.1 Terminology 112 10.2 Ejector Basin 112 10.3 Basin Materials 112 10.4 Lifting Devices 113 10.5 Operation of a Pneumatic Ejector 113 10.6 Ejector Pump Sizing Centrifugal 115 10.7 Ejector Basin Sizing 118 10.8 Controls 119 10.9 Installation 119 10.10 Sump Basin Sizing 120 10.11 Sump Pump Sizing 120 10.12 Controls 120 10.13 A General Rule for a Subdrainage System 120 11. Flow in Water Piping 121 11.1 Physical Properties of Water 121 11.2 Types of Flow 122 11.3 Velocity of Flow 122 11.4 Potential Energy 123 11.5 Kinetic Energy 123 11.6 Static Head 124 11.7 Velocity Head 125 11.8 Bernoulli's Theorem 126 11.9 Friction 127 11.10 Flow from Outlets 127 11.11 Flow in Piping 127 11.12 Friction in Piping 129 12. Velocity Effects in Piping 132 12.1 Erosion, Noise, and Cavitation 136 13. Water System Design 137 13.1 Flow Pressure 137 13.2 Flow at an Outlet 138 13.3 Constant Flow 138 13.4 Material Selection 140 13.5 Parallel Circuits 140 13.6 Inadequate Pressure 142 13.7 Flow Definitions 142 13.8 Demand Types 143 13.9 Estimating Demand 143 13.10 Design Loads 143 13.11 Water Supply Fixture Units 144 14. Water System Sizing 150 14.1 Friction Head Loss 150 14.2 Maximum Velocity 151 14.3 Minimum Sizes 152 14.4 Procedure for Sizing 152 14.5 A Hydropneumatic or Booster Pump System 153 15. Water System Components 163 15.1 Protection of the Potable Water Supply 163 15.2 Protective Methods for Below-the-Rim Supply 164 15.3 Water Meters 166 15.4 Displacement Meters 167 15.5 Current or Velocity Meters 168 15.6 Proportional Meters 168 15.7 Compound Meters 168 15.8 Water Meter Rules 169 15.9 Piping Installation 169 15.10 Valve Types 171 16. Hot Water System Design 172 16.1 Objectives 172 16.2 Safety Devices 173 16.3 Water Heaters 174 16.3.1 Directly Heated Automatic Storage Heaters 174 16.3.2 Instantaneous Heaters 175 16.3.3 Booster Heaters 176 16.3.4 Semi-Instantaneous Heaters 176 16.3.5 Storage Water Heaters 177 16.3.5.1 Sizing Storage-Type Heaters 179 16.3.5.2 Installation 188 16.3.5.3 Hot-Water Temperature 190 16.3.5.4 Safety and Health Concerns 190 17. Sizing the Hot Water Circulating System 193 17.1 System Types 193 17.2 Sizing 197 17.3 Procedure 197 17.4 Rules of Thumb 203 18. Pipe Expansion and Contraction 204 19. Water Piping Tests 208 19.1 Disinfection 208 19.2 Disinfection of Water Systems 208 20. Chilled Drinking Water Systems 210 20.1 Drinking Water Coolers 210 20.2 Refrigeration Components 211 20.3 Stream Regulators 212 20.4 Central and Unitary Systems 212 20.5 Central Chilled Drinking Water Design 214 20.6 Circulating Pump Capacity 216 20.7 Makeup Water Mixture 216 20.8 Storage Tank 216 20.9 Piping 217 21. Private Sewage Disposal Systems 219 21.1 Sewage System Criteria 219 21.2 Cesspools 220 21.3 Septic Tanks 220 21.4 Removal of Solids 220 21.5 Sludge and Scum Storage 221 21.6 Septic Tank Location 221 21.7 Tank Capacity 222 21.8 Tank Material 222 21.9 Tank Access 222 21.10 Tank Inlet 222 21.11 Tank Outlet 222 21.12 Tank Shape 223 21.13 Scum Storage Space 223 21.14 Compartments 223 21.15 Cleaning of Tanks 223 21.16 Chemical Additives 224 21.17 Septic Tanks for Nonresidential Buildings 225 21.18 Subsurface Soil Absorption System 226 21.18.1 Criteria for Design 226 21.18.2 Percolation Tests 226 21.18.3 Absorption Area 228 21.18.4 Absorption Trenches 228 21.18.5 Construction 230 21.18.6 Seepage Beds 230 21.18.7 Design Criteria for Seepage Beds 231 21.18.8 Distribution Boxes 232 21.18.9 Seepage Pits 232 21.18.10 Effective Area of Seepage Pit 232 21.18.11 Construction of Seepage Pit 233 22. Valves 234 22.1 Valve Selection 234 22.2 Gate Valves 234 22.2.1 Valve Stems 234 22.2.2 Bonnets 237 22.2.3 Discs 238 22.2.4 Materials 241 22.2.5 Trim 241 22.2.6 Packing 242 22.2.7 End Connections 242 22.2.8 Application 243 22.2.9 Operation and Maintenance 244 22.2.10 Trends 244 22.3 Globe Valves 244 22.3.1 Globe Valve Seating 244 22.3.2 Globe Valve Structure 244 22.4 Materials and End Connections 245 22.4.1 Bonnets 245 22.4.2 Stems 245 22.4.3 Discs 245 22.4.3.1 Tapered Plug Disc 245 22.4.3.2 Conventional Disc 245 22.4.3.3 Composition Disc 245 22.4.4 Seals 246 22.4.5 Angle Valves 246 22.4.6 Installation 248 22.5 Check Valves 248 22.6 Swing-Check Valves 249 22.6.1 Double-Disc Check Valves 249 22.6.2 Slanting-Disc Check Valves 250 22.6.3 Lift Check Valves 251 22.6.4 Silent Check Valves 251 22.6.5 Installation 253 22.6.6 Sizing 253 22.7 Pressure-Regulating Valves PRV 253 22.7.1 PRV Characteristics 255 22.7.2 Outlet Pressure 258 22.7.3 PRV Sizing 259 22.7.4 Cavitation 259 22.7.5 Series Hookup 259 22.7.6 Parallel Hookup 260 22.7.7 Installation 261 22.8 Quarter-Turn Valves 261 22.8.1 Plug Valves 262 22.8.2 Ball Valves 262 22.8.3 Butterfly Valves 263 Index 267 A 267 B 272 C 278 D 288 E 295 F 300 G 309 H 312 I 317 J 319 K 319 L 320 M 324 N 327 O 328 P 330 Q 339 R 340 S 344 T 361 U 366 V 368 W 372 Content: Front Matter • List of Figures • List of Tables • Preface • Table of Contents 1. Systems and Fixtures 2. Fixture Traps 3. Flow in Horizontal Drainage Piping 4. Soil and Waste Stacks 5. Drainage Systems 6. Drainage System Sizing 7. Storm Water Systems 8. Vent Systems 9. Vent Sizing 10. Sumps and Ejectors 11. Flow in Water Piping 12. Velocity Effects in Piping 13. Water System Design 14. Water System Sizing 15. Water System Components 16. Hot Water System Design 17. Sizing the Hot Water Circulating System • 18. Pipe Expansion and Contraction 19. Water Piping Tests 20. Chilled Drinking Water Systems 21. Private Sewage Disposal Systems 22. Valves Index ASPE has released the REVISED, UPDATED, and PEER REVIEWED Engineering Plumbing Design II. Originally written by Alfred Steele, P.E., CIPE, with second edition in 1982, the book has been re-edited and fully revised by A. Calvin Laws, P.E., CPD, and has been further reviewed and edited by Frank G. Teebagy, P.E., CIPE, and Harold L. Olson, P.E., utilizing their comprehensive notes from their extensive classroom use of the original book. Twenty-two chapters provide comprehensive information and detail for the professional plumbing engineer and designer.