Energy Systems Engineering : Evaluation and Implementation

A Unique Systems Approach to Energy Engineering, Covering Carbon-Based, Nuclear, and Renewable Sources! An essential reference for all engineers and students working with energy systems, Energy Systems Engineering presents a systems approach to future energy needs, covering carbon-based, nuclear, and renewable energy sources. This unique guide explores the latest technology within each energy systems area, the benefits and liabilities of each, the challenges posed by changing energy supplies, the negative impacts from energy consumption, especially CO2 emissions, and the ways in which a portfolio of new technologies can address these problems. Filled with over 200 detailed illustrations and tables, the book examines short-, medium-, and long-term energy options for the remainder of the twenty-first century. For each energy system, the authors provide equations and problems to help practitioners quantify the performance of the technology and better understand its potential. Energy Systems Engineering features: A valuable systems approach to energy engineering Coverage of all major energy topics_from climate change to wind power Both U.S. and global energy perspectives, with international comparisons Emphasis on CO2 issues and abatement, including carbon sequestration A wealth of equations and problems for each area of energy technology Numerous tables and graphs in PowerPoint format for easy presentation An extensive online ancillary package for instructors provides an instructor's manual, solution files, course syllabus, Matlab scripts, and teaching PowerPoint files. Inside This Cutting-Edge Guide to the Technology of Energy Systems: Systems Engineering and Economic Analysis Tools • Climate Change • Fossil Fuels, Relative CO2 Emissions, and Modeling of Consumption and Remaining Reserves • Fossil Fuel Combustion Technologies • Carbon Sequestration • Nuclear Energy • The Solar Energy Resource • Solar Technology • Wind Energy • Energy Technologies for Transportation • Systems Issues for Transportation Energy • Other Emerging Renewable Energy Technologies Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 17 Acknowledgments......Page 21 1-2 Introduction......Page 23 1-2-1 Historic Growth in Energy Supply......Page 24 1-3 Relationship between Energy, Population, and Wealth......Page 26 1-3-1 Correlation between Energy Use and Wealth......Page 27 1-3-2 Human Development Index: An Alternative Means of Evaluating Prosperity......Page 29 1-4 Pressures Facing World due to Energy Consumption......Page 30 1-4-1 Industrial versus Emerging Countries......Page 31 1-4-2 Pressure on CO[sub(2)] Emissions......Page 35 1-4-3 Observations about Energy Use and CO[sub(2)] Emissions Trends......Page 36 1-4-4 Discussion: Contrasting Mainstream and Deep Ecologic Perspectives on Energy Requirements......Page 37 1-5 Units of Measure Used in Energy Systems......Page 38 1-5-1 Metric (SI) Units......Page 39 1-5-3 Units Related to Oil Production and Consumption......Page 41 Bibliography......Page 42 Exercises......Page 43 2-2 Introduction......Page 45 2-2-1 Conserving Existing Energy Resources versus Shifting to Alternative Resources......Page 46 2-2-2 The Concept of Sustainable Development......Page 47 2-3-1 Initial Definitions......Page 49 2-3-2 Steps in the Application of the Systems Approach......Page 51 2-3-3 Stories, Scenarios, and Models......Page 56 2-4 Other Systems Tools Applied to Energy......Page 59 2-4-1 Systems Dynamics Models: Exponential Growth, Saturation, and Causal Loops......Page 60 2-5-1 Kaya Equation: Factors that Contribute to Overall CO[sub(2)] Emissions......Page 67 2-5-2 Life-Cycle Analysis and Energy Return on Investment......Page 68 2-5-3 Multi-Criteria Analysis of Energy Systems Decisions......Page 71 2-5-4 Choosing among Alternative Solutions Using Optimization......Page 72 2-5-5 Understanding Contributing Factors to Time-Series Energy Trends Using Divisia Analysis......Page 75 2-6 Summary......Page 79 Bibliography......Page 80 Exercises......Page 81 3-2 Introduction......Page 83 3-2-1 The Time Value of Money......Page 84 3-3 Economic Analysis of Energy Projects and Systems......Page 85 3-3-2 Evaluation without Discounting......Page 86 3-3-3 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis......Page 87 3-3-4 Levelized Cost of Energy......Page 90 3-4 Direct versus External Costs and Benefits......Page 91 3-5 Intervention in Energy Investments to Achieve Social Aims......Page 92 3-5-1 Methods of Intervention in Energy Technology Investments......Page 93 3-6 Summary......Page 95 Exercises......Page 96 4-2 Introduction......Page 99 4-2-2 Carbon Cycle and Solar Radiation......Page 100 4-2-3 Quantitative Imbalance in CO[sub(2)] Flows into and out of the Atmosphere......Page 101 4-2-4 Consensus on the Human Link to Climate Change: Taking the Next Steps......Page 104 4-2-5 Early Indications of Change and Remaining Areas of Uncertainty......Page 105 4-3 Modeling Climate and Climate Change......Page 108 4-3-1 Relationship between Wavelength, Energy Flux, and Absorption......Page 109 4-3-2 A Model of the Earth-Atmosphere System......Page 113 4-3-3 General Circulation Models (GCMs) of Global Climate......Page 117 4-4-1 Positive and Negative Feedback from Climate Change......Page 118 4-4-2 Scenarios for Future Rates of CO[sub(2)] Emissions, CO[sub(2)] Stabilization Values, and Average Global Temperature......Page 121 4-4-3 Current Efforts to Counteract Climate Change......Page 124 References......Page 126 Exercises......Page 127 5-2 Introduction......Page 129 5-2-1 Characteristics of Fossil Fuels......Page 130 5-2-2 Current Rates of Consumption and Total Resource Availability......Page 132 5-2-3 CO[sub(2)] Emissions Comparison and a "Decarbonization" Strategy......Page 135 5-3-1 Hubbert Curve Applied to Resource Lifetime......Page 136 5-3-2 Potential Role for Nonconventional Fossil Resources as Substitutes for Oil and Gas......Page 140 5-3-3 Discussion: The Past and Future of Fossil Fuels......Page 142 Exercises......Page 144 6-2 Introduction......Page 147 6-2-1 A Systems Approach to Combustion Technology......Page 149 6-3 Fundamentals of Combustion Cycle Calculation......Page 150 6-3-1 Rankine Vapor Cycle......Page 151 6-3-2 Brayton Gas Cycle......Page 155 6-4-1 Supercritical Cycle......Page 159 6-4-2 Combined Cycle......Page 160 6-4-3 Cogeneration and Combined Heat and Power......Page 164 6-5 Economic Analysis of Investments in High-Efficiency Combustion Systems......Page 173 6-5-1 Calculation of Levelized Cost of Electricity Production......Page 174 6-5-2 Economics of Small-Scale Cogeneration Systems: A Case Study......Page 177 6-6 Incorporating Environmental Considerations into Combustion Project Analysis......Page 178 6-7 Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Future......Page 180 6-8 Systems Issues in Combustion in the Future......Page 182 References......Page 183 Exercises......Page 184 7-2 Introduction......Page 187 7-3 Indirect Sequestration......Page 188 7-3-1 The Photosynthesis Reaction: The Core Process of Indirect Sequestration......Page 190 7-3-2 Indirect Sequestration in Practice......Page 191 7-3-3 Future Prospects for Indirect Sequestration......Page 193 7-4-1 Removing CO[sub(2)] from Waste Stream......Page 194 7-4-2 Options for Direct Sequestration in Geologically Stable Reservoirs......Page 195 7-4-3 Prospects for Geological Sequestration......Page 201 7-5 Sequestration through Conversion of CO[sub(2)] into Inert Materials......Page 202 7-6 Direct Removal of CO[sub(2)] from Atmosphere for Sequestration......Page 204 7-7 Overall Comparison of Sequestration Options......Page 206 7-8 Summary......Page 207 Exercises......Page 208 8-2 Introduction......Page 211 8-2-1 Brief History of Nuclear Energy......Page 212 8-2-2 Current Status of Nuclear Energy......Page 214 8-3 Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Resources......Page 215 8-3-1 Reactions Associated with Nuclear Energy......Page 218 8-3-2 Availability of Resources for Nuclear Energy......Page 221 8-4-1 Established Reactor Designs......Page 222 8-4-2 Alternative Fission Reactor Designs......Page 227 8-5 Nuclear Fusion......Page 230 8-6-1 Contribution of Nuclear Energy to Reducing CO[sub(2)] Emissions......Page 232 8-6-2 Management of Radioactive Substances During Life-Cycle of Nuclear Energy......Page 233 8-6-3 Nuclear Energy and the Prevention of Proliferation......Page 239 8-6-4 The Effect of Public Perception on Nuclear Energy......Page 240 8-7 Summary......Page 243 Bibliography......Page 244 Exercises......Page 245 9-2-1 Availability of Energy from the Sun and Geographic Availability......Page 247 9-2-2 Direct, Diffuse, and Global Insolation......Page 249 9-3 Definition of Solar Geometric Terms and Calculation of Sun's Position by Time of Day......Page 256 9-3-1 Relationship between Solar Position and Angle of Incidence on Solar Surface......Page 259 9-3-2 Method for Approximating Daily Energy Reaching a Solar Device......Page 261 9-4 Effect of Diffusion on Solar Performance......Page 262 9-4-1 Effect of Surface Tilt on Diffusion......Page 265 Bibliography......Page 267 Exercises......Page 268 10-2 Introduction......Page 271 10-3 Fundamentals of PV Cell Performance......Page 274 10-3-1 Losses in PV Cells and Gross Current Generated by Incoming Light......Page 275 10-3-2 Net Current Generated as a Function of Device Parameters......Page 277 10-3-4 Calculation of Unit Cost of PV Panels......Page 281 10-4-1 Available System Components for Different Types of Designs......Page 282 10-4-2 Estimating Output from PV System: Basic Approach......Page 287 10-4-3 Estimating Output from PV System: Extended Approach......Page 288 10-4-4 Economics of PV Systems......Page 293 10-5 Life-Cycle Energy and Environmental Considerations......Page 297 Bibliography......Page 299 Exercises......Page 300 11-2 General Comments......Page 303 11-3-1 Flat-Plate Solar Collectors......Page 304 11-3-2 Evacuated-Tube Solar Collectors......Page 308 11-3-3 Concentrating Collectors......Page 309 11-3-4 Heat Transfer in Flat-Plate Solar Collectors......Page 313 11-3-5 Testing and Rating Procedures for Flat-Plate, Glazed Solar Collectors......Page 315 11-3-6 Heat Exchangers and Thermal Storages......Page 316 11-3-7 f-Chart for System Analysis......Page 318 11-3-8 f-Chart for System Design......Page 322 11-3-9 Optimizing the Combination of Solar Collector Array and Heat Exchanger......Page 327 11-4-2 Thermal Comfort Considerations......Page 328 11-4-4 Heating Degree Days and Seasonal Heat Requirements......Page 329 11-4-5 Types of Passive Solar Heating Systems......Page 333 11-4-6 Solar Transmission Through Windows......Page 336 11-4-7 Load: Collector Ratio for Analysis......Page 337 11-4-8 Conservation Factor Addendum to LCR Method......Page 342 11-4-10 Passive Ventilation by Thermal Buoyancy......Page 345 11-4-11 Designing Window Overhangs for Passive Solar Systems......Page 347 Bibliography......Page 349 Exercises......Page 350 12-2 Introduction......Page 353 12-2-1 Components of a Turbine......Page 356 12-3 Using Wind Data to Evaluate a Potential Location......Page 359 12-3-1 Using Statistical Distributions to Approximate Available Energy......Page 362 12-3-2 Effects of Season and Height on Wind Speed......Page 366 12-4 Estimating Output from a Specific Turbine for a Proposed Site......Page 367 12-5 Turbine Design......Page 370 12-5-1 Theoretical Limits on Turbine Performance......Page 371 12-5-2 Tip Speed Ratio, Induced Radial Wind Speed, and Optimal Turbine Rotation Speed......Page 375 12-5-3 Analysis of Turbine Blade Design......Page 378 12-5-4 Steps in Turbine Design Process......Page 384 12-6 Economics of Wind Power......Page 385 12-6-1 Comparison of Large- and Small-Scale Wind......Page 387 References......Page 388 Exercises......Page 389 13-2 Introduction......Page 393 13-2-2 Endpoint Technologies for a Petroleum- and Carbon-Free Transportation System......Page 396 13-2-3 Competition between Emerging and Incumbent Technologies......Page 400 13-3-1 Criteria for Measuring Vehicle Performance......Page 402 13-3-2 Options for Improving Conventional Vehicle Efficiency......Page 407 13-4-1 Battery-Electric Vehicles......Page 408 13-4-2 Hybrid Vehicles......Page 413 13-4-3 Biofuels: Transportation Energy from Biological Sources......Page 421 13-4-4 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems and Vehicles......Page 429 13-5 Well-to-Wheel Analysis as a Means of Comparing Alternatives......Page 437 References......Page 439 Bibliography......Page 440 Exercises......Page 441 14-2 Introduction......Page 443 14-3 Ways of Categorizing Transportation Systems......Page 445 14-4 Influence of Transportation Type on Energy Requirements......Page 447 14-5 Units for Measuring Transportation Energy Efficiency......Page 448 14-6 Recent Trends and Current Assessment of Energy Use in Transportation Systems......Page 450 14-6-1 Passenger Transportation Energy Trends and Current Status......Page 453 14-6-2 Freight Transportation Energy Trends and Current Status......Page 457 14-7-1 Modal Shifting to More Efficient Modes......Page 461 14-7-2 Rationalizing Transportation Systems to Improve Energy Efficiency......Page 470 14-8 Understanding Transition Pathways for New Technology......Page 473 14-9-1 Metropolitan Region Energy Efficiency Plan......Page 478 14-9-2 Allocating Emerging Energy Sources and Technologies to Transportation Sectors......Page 479 Bibliography......Page 482 Exercises......Page 483 15-2 Introduction: A Parable about Development......Page 487 15-2-1 Summary of Issues Facing Energy Systems......Page 489 15-2-2 Energy Issues and the Contents of This Book: Motivations, Techniques, and Applications......Page 490 15-2-3 Other Emerging Technologies Not Previously Considered......Page 494 15-3 Pathways to a Sustainable Energy Future: A Case Study......Page 498 15-3-1 Baseline Scenario Results......Page 500 15-3-2 Other Possible Scenarios......Page 501 15-3-3 Discussion......Page 502 15-4 The Role of the Energy Professional in Creating the Energy Systems of the Future......Page 507 15-4-1 Roles for Energy Professionals Outside of Formal Work......Page 508 References......Page 510 Exercise......Page 511 A: Perpetual Julian Date Calendar......Page 513 B: Thermodynamic Tables—Metric Units......Page 515 C: Thermodynamic Tables—U.S. Customary Units......Page 527 A......Page 539 C......Page 540 D......Page 542 E......Page 543 F......Page 544 H......Page 545 L......Page 546 N......Page 547 P......Page 548 S......Page 550 T......Page 552 V......Page 553 Z......Page 554