Energy Security and Geopolitics in the Arctic: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century (319 Pages)

This Book Sheds Light On How Global Warming Has Caused The Ongoing Environmental Disaster In The Arctic, Namely Its Melting. This Development, If Left Unabated, Will Have A Major Negative Environmental Impact, Not Only On The Arctic Itself, But On The Entire Planet, Including The Worsening Of Global Warming And Rising Sea Levels. The Latter Is A Major Threat To All Island Countries And All Countries Having Coastlines With Open Seas With Major Environmental, Social, Economic, Political And Military/security Implications. The Arctic Melting Is Bringing About Challenges While Opening Doors For Certain Opportunities. These Are The Accessibility Of The Region's Large Oil, Gas And Coal Reserves And Minerals, Including Rare Earth Elements. They Are In Demand Both In The Arctic Littoral States (canada, Denmark/greenland, Norway, Russia And Usa) And The Greater Arctic Countries (iceland, Finland And Sweden) As Well As In Other Parts Of The World. In Particular, Major Oil And Gas Importers (china, India, Japan And South Korea) Are Interested In The Arctic Energy Resources, The Main Non-regional Countries With A Capability To Engage In The Region. The Obvious Importance Of The Regional Energy And Mineral Resources Makes The Division Of The Region Among The Regional Countries Crucial. The Melting Of The Arctic Ice Will Also Lead To The Availability For At Least A Few Months A Year Of A Northern Sea Route And A Northwest Passage Connecting Europe To North America And The North-eastern Part Of Asia. The Importance Of These Northern Routes And The Arctic Mineral And Energy Resources Is Contributing To A Growing Military Presence Of Mainly The Usa And Russia In This Region, Which Could Lead To An Arms Race. This Book Offers Invaluable Insights On The Issues That Have Grave Implications For Energy Security And Geopolitics In The Arctic.--pub. Desc. Introduction / Hooman Peimani -- From White To Blue : The Shrinking Arctic Cryosphere / Shawn J. Marshall -- Possible Changes Of The Russian Arctic Environment Under The Influence Of Natural And Anthropogenic Factors / Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Makeev -- The Transnational Arctic And Russia / Nadezha Klimovna Kharlampyeva -- Norway And Russia : Neighbors With Strong Interests In The Arctic / Arild Moe -- The Arctic : Geopolitics, International Relations And Energy Security : A View From India / Neil Gadihoke -- The Arctic And Japan : Energy Security And Climate Security / Hiroshi Ohta -- The Arctic Governance And The Eu Soft Power / Danila Bochkarev -- Conclusion / Hooman Peimani. Editor, Hooman Peimani. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. CONTENTS 8 DISCLAIMER 6 List of Acronyms 10 List of Tables and Figures 14 Acknowledgments 18 About the Contributors 20 1. Dr. Hooman Peimani 20 2. Dr. Shawn J. Marshall 21 3. Professor Viacheslav Mikhailovich Makeev 21 4. Associate Professor Nadezhda Klimovna Kharlampyeva 22 5. Dr. Arild Moe 22 6. Dr. Danila Bochkarev 23 7. Commander Neil Gadihoke 23 8. Professor Hiroshi Ohta 24 About the Energy Studies Institute 26 1. Introduction Hooman Peimani 28 1.1. CONTEXT FOR THE ARCTIC’S DEBATE: CHALLENGES 30 1.2. OPPORTUNITIES: EXPLORATION OF RESOURCES AND NAVIGATION 30 1.2.1. Energy 31 1.2.2. Minerals 31 1.2.3. Northern sea route and North-West passage 32 1.2.4. Immediate and aspiring beneficiaries 34 1.3. ISSUES OF CONCERN 37 1.4. SOVEREIGNTY DISPUTES 39 1.5. POTENTIAL POLITICAL/MILITARY CONFLICTS 40 1.6. ISSUES COVERED IN THE BOOK 41 BIBLIOGRAPHY 45 ENDNOTES 47 Section I: Is the Arctic Melting? 50 2. From White to Blue: The Shrinking Arctic Cryosphere Shawn J. Marshall 52 2.1. INTRODUCTION 52 2.2. ARCTIC AMPLIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE 56 2.3. WHITHER ARCTIC SEA ICE? 57 2.4. DECLINE OF THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET 61 2.5. SEA LEVEL RISE 66 2.6. REGIONAL SEA LEVEL 71 2.7. CONCLUSION 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY 76 ENDNOTES 80 3. Possible Changes to the Russian Arctic Environment under the Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Makeev 86 3.1. INTRODUCTION 86 3.2. CHANGE OF CLIMATE 87 3.3. ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE 102 3.3.1. Atmospheric transference 103 3.3.2. Water transference 105 3.3.3. Biological transference 107 3.4. CONCLUSION 111 BIBLIOGRAPHY 113 ENDNOTES 115 Section II: What Are the Stakes for the Littoral States? 120 4. The Transnational Arctic and Russia Nadezhda Klimovna Kharlampyeva 122 4.1. INTRODUCTION 122 4.2. RUSSIA’S PRINCIPAL VIEWS ONTHE ARCTIC 123 4.3. COMPONENTS OF RUSSIA’S ARCTIC POLICY FORMATION 124 4.3.1. The Arctic is a region of peace and cooperation 125 4.3.2. The Russian Arctic is a transportation route between Europe, Asia and North America 130 4.3.3. The Arctic region is one of mankind’s bio-energy reserves 132 4.3.4. Russian’s energy strategy: challenges or opportunities? 133 4.3.5. The Arctic region is one of Earth’s ecosystems 139 4.3.6. The Arctic’s international regime 141 4.3.7. Global governance of the Arctic 143 4.4. CONCLUSION 145 BIBLIOGRAPHY 146 ENDNOTES 149 5. Norway and Russia: Neighbours with Strong Interests in the Arctic Arild Moe 154 5.1. INTRODUCTION1 154 5.2. OFFSHORE PETROLEUM ACTIVITIES IN THE HIGH NORTH 155 5.2.1. Norway 155 5.2.2. Russia 158 5.2.2.1. Shtokman 161 5.2.2.2. Prirazlomnoye 164 5.2.3. Norway and Russia — similarities and differences 166 5.3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONCERNS 167 5.4. JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES 171 5.4.1. Outer delimitation of continental shelf 172 5.4.2. Delimitation of neighbouring continental shelves: the case of the Barents sea 175 5.5. OUTLOOK 180 5.6. CONCLUSION 181 BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 ENDNOTES 186 Section III: What Are the Interests for the Non-Regional Large Economies? 192 6. The Arctic: Geopolitics, International Relations and Energy Security — A View from India Neil Gadihoke 194 6.1. INTRODUCTION 194 6.2. THE ARCTIC MELT: EXTENT, INTENSITY AND IMPLICATIONS 196 6.2.1. The impact of an ice-free Arctic 196 6.2.2. Implications for India 197 6.2.2.1. The Arctic highway 197 6.2.2.2. Arctic region as a petroleum province 199 6.2.2.3. Sea level rise 201 6.2.2.4. Satabhaya village, Orissa18 — a short case study 203 6.2.3. Vulnerabilities in the Indian maritime neighbourhood 203 6.2.4. Complication of maritime boundary disputes 205 6.2.5. Operational tasking of India’s maritime forces 206 6.2.6. India’s Arctic linkages and Arctic jurisdiction issues 206 6.2.7. The Arctic council membership — India’s case 208 6.2.8. Climate change and the respective emerging geopolitics 209 6.3. CONCLUSION 212 BIBLIOGRAPHY 213 ENDNOTES 214 7. The Arctic and Japan: Energy Security and Climate Security Hiroshi Ohta 218 7.1. INTRODUCTION 218 7.2. BROADER CONCEPTS OF SECURITY 219 7.2.1. Japan’s concept of comprehensive security 220 7.2.2. Redefining the concept of security: “environmental security” 4 221 7.3. THE ARCTIC AND JAPAN 224 7.3.1. The Arctic’s geopolitics: resources, peoples and the environment 224 7.3.2. The main findings of the Arctic climate impact assessment 225 7.3.3. The Arctic and Japan 228 7.4. THE “NEW ENERGY CRISIS,” ENERGY SECURITY AND JAPAN’S STRATEGY 229 7.4.1. The new energy crisis 229 7.4.2. Japan’s concept of energy security and energy strategy 230 7.4.2.1. The context of energy security discourse in Japan 231 7.4.2.2. METI’s concept of energy security 233 7.4.2.3. New national energy strategy 235 7.4.2.4. Basic climate change policy 236 7.5. THE CONCEPT OF CLIMATE SECURITY 237 7.6. CONCLUSIONS 240 BIBLIOGRAPHY 242 ENDNOTES 243 8. The Arctic Governance and EU ‘‘Soft Power’’ Danila Bochkarev 248 8.1. INTRODUCTION 248 8.2. THE EU IN THE ARCTIC: HISTORICAL CONTEXT 251 8.3. EU ARCTIC POLICY: MAJOR INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS 256 8.3.1. EU interests in the Arctic 257 8.3.2. Melting ice in the North 257 8.3.3. New energy province for Europe 258 8.3.4. Rare earth and precious metals: a driver for the EU industry 260 8.3.5. The future of EU fisheries is also in the High North 261 8.3.6. A new maritime highway would be crucial for EU–Asia trade 262 8.3.7. The European Union, Arctic and the Law of the Sea 264 8.3.8. The EU and Arctic institutional governance 266 8.4. CONCLUSION 268 BIBLIOGRAPHY 269 ENDNOTES 271 9. Conclusion Hooman Peimani 276 BIBLIOGRAPHY 287 ENDNOTES 287 Index 288 DISCLAIMER CONTENTS List of Acronyms List of Tables and Figures Acknowledgments About the Contributors 1. Dr. Hooman Peimani 2. Dr. Shawn J. Marshall 3. Professor Viacheslav Mikhailovich Makeev 4. Associate Professor Nadezhda Klimovna Kharlampyeva 5. Dr. Arild Moe 6. Dr. Danila Bochkarev 7. Commander Neil Gadihoke 8. Professor Hiroshi Ohta About the Energy Studies Institute 1. Introduction Hooman Peimani 1.1. CONTEXT FOR THE ARCTIC’S DEBATE: CHALLENGES 1.2. OPPORTUNITIES: EXPLORATION OF RESOURCES AND NAVIGATION 1.2.1. Energy 1.2.2. Minerals 1.2.3. Northern sea route and North-West passage 1.2.4. Immediate and aspiring beneficiaries 1.3. ISSUES OF CONCERN 1.4. SOVEREIGNTY DISPUTES 1.5. POTENTIAL POLITICAL/MILITARY CONFLICTS 1.6. ISSUES COVERED IN THE BOOK BIBLIOGRAPHY ENDNOTES Section I: Is the Arctic Melting? 2. From White to Blue: The Shrinking Arctic Cryosphere Shawn J. Marshall 2.1. INTRODUCTION 2.2. ARCTIC AMPLIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE 2.3. WHITHER ARCTIC SEA ICE? 2.4. DECLINE OF THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET 2.5. SEA LEVEL RISE 2.6. REGIONAL SEA LEVEL 2.7. CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ENDNOTES 3. Possible Changes to the Russian Arctic Environment under the Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Makeev 3.1. INTRODUCTION 3.2. CHANGE OF CLIMATE 3.3. ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE 3.3.1. Atmospheric transference 3.3.2. Water transference 3.3.3. Biological transference 3.4. CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ENDNOTES Section II: What Are the Stakes for the Littoral States? 4. The Transnational Arctic and Russia Nadezhda Klimovna Kharlampyeva 4.1. INTRODUCTION 4.2. RUSSIA’S PRINCIPAL VIEWS ONTHE ARCTIC 4.3. COMPONENTS OF RUSSIA’S ARCTIC POLICY FORMATION 4.3.1. The Arctic is a region of peace and cooperation 4.3.2. The Russian Arctic is a transportation route between Europe, Asia and North America 4.3.3. The Arctic region is one of mankind’s bio-energy reserves 4.3.4. Russian’s energy strategy: challenges or opportunities? 4.3.5. The Arctic region is one of Earth’s ecosystems 4.3.6. The Arctic’s international regime 4.3.7. Global governance of the Arctic 4.4. CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ENDNOTES 5. Norway and Russia: Neighbours with Strong Interests in the Arctic Arild Moe 5.1. INTRODUCTION1 5.2. OFFSHORE PETROLEUM ACTIVITIES IN THE HIGH NORTH 5.2.1. Norway 5.2.2. Russia 5.2.2.1. Shtokman 5.2.2.2. Prirazlomnoye 5.2.3. Norway and Russia — similarities and differences 5.3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONCERNS 5.4. JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES 5.4.1. Outer delimitation of continental shelf 5.4.2. Delimitation of neighbouring continental shelves: the case of the Barents sea 5.5. OUTLOOK 5.6. CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ENDNOTES Section III: What Are the Interests for the Non-Regional Large Economies? 6. The Arctic: Geopolitics, International Relations and Energy Security — A View from India Neil Gadihoke 6.1. INTRODUCTION 6.2. THE ARCTIC MELT: EXTENT, INTENSITY AND IMPLICATIONS 6.2.1. The impact of an ice-free Arctic 6.2.2. Implications for India 6.2.2.1. The Arctic highway 6.2.2.2. Arctic region as a petroleum province 6.2.2.3. Sea level rise 6.2.2.4. Satabhaya village, Orissa18 — a short case study 6.2.3. Vulnerabilities in the Indian maritime neighbourhood 6.2.4. Complication of maritime boundary disputes 6.2.5. Operational tasking of India’s maritime forces 6.2.6. India’s Arctic linkages and Arctic jurisdiction issues 6.2.7. The Arctic council membership — India’s case 6.2.8. Climate change and the respective emerging geopolitics 6.3. CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ENDNOTES 7. The Arctic and Japan: Energy Security and Climate Security Hiroshi Ohta 7.1. INTRODUCTION 7.2. BROADER CONCEPTS OF SECURITY 7.2.1. Japan’s concept of comprehensive security 7.2.2. Redefining the concept of security: “environmental security” 4 7.3. THE ARCTIC AND JAPAN 7.3.1. The Arctic’s geopolitics: resources, peoples and the environment 7.3.2. The main findings of the Arctic climate impact assessment 7.3.3. The Arctic and Japan 7.4. THE “NEW ENERGY CRISIS,” ENERGY SECURITY AND JAPAN’S STRATEGY 7.4.1. The new energy crisis 7.4.2. Japan’s concept of energy security and energy strategy 7.4.2.1. The context of energy security discourse in Japan 7.4.2.2. METI’s concept of energy security 7.4.2.3. New national energy strategy 7.4.2.4. Basic climate change policy 7.5. THE CONCEPT OF CLIMATE SECURITY 7.6. CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY ENDNOTES 8. The Arctic Governance and EU ‘‘Soft Power’’ Danila Bochkarev 8.1. INTRODUCTION 8.2. THE EU IN THE ARCTIC: HISTORICAL CONTEXT 8.3. EU ARCTIC POLICY: MAJOR INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS 8.3.1. EU interests in the Arctic 8.3.2. Melting ice in the North 8.3.3. New energy province for Europe 8.3.4. Rare earth and precious metals: a driver for the EU industry 8.3.5. The future of EU fisheries is also in the High North 8.3.6. A new maritime highway would be crucial for EU–Asia trade 8.3.7. The European Union, Arctic and the Law of the Sea 8.3.8. The EU and Arctic institutional governance 8.4. CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ENDNOTES 9. Conclusion Hooman Peimani BIBLIOGRAPHY ENDNOTES Index "This book sheds light on how global warming has caused the ongoing environmental disaster in the Arctic, namely its melting. This development, if left unabated, will have a major negative environmental impact, not only on the Arctic itself, but on the entire planet, including the worsening of global warming and rising sea levels. The latter is a major threat to all island countries and all countries having coastlines with open seas with major environmental, social, economic, political and military/security implications. The Arctic melting is bringing about challenges while opening doors for certain opportunities. These are the accessibility of the region's large oil, gas and coal reserves and minerals, including rare earth elements. They are in demand both in the Arctic littoral states (Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Norway, Russia and USA) and the Greater Arctic countries (Iceland, Finland and Sweden) as well as in other parts of the world. In particular, major oil and gas importers (China, India, Japan and South Korea) are interested in the Arctic energy resources, the main non - regional countries with a capability to engage in the region. The obvious importance of the regional energy and mineral resources makes the division of the region among the regional countries crucial."-- Provided by publisher