Energy Efficiency Manual: for everyone who uses energy, pays for utilities, designs and builds, is interested in energy conservation and the environment (Energy Efficiency Manual)

This is the primary reference, how-to guide, and sourcebook for energy conservation. It lets you improve efficiency and save money in all types of buildings and plants, ranging from individual houses to commercial buildings to large institutions and industrial plants. It is organized around 400 logically grouped energy conservation actions, presented in language that everyone understands. It's for everyone who uses energy, pays for utilities, manages property, operates energy systems, designs, builds, and values conservation and the environment. It's loaded with features that help you quickly find the right information for each application. "Ratings" and "Selection Scorecards" identify your best conservation opportunities. "Traps & Tricks" ensure success. "Economics" estimate savings and costs. It has been acclaimed by professional and non-technical users. Publishers Weekly says it "answers just about any question [from] homeowner, plant manager, energy policy guru ... as practically useful as it is informative." 830 photographs and drawings illustrate the methods. Hundreds of examples give you a feel for real applications. A complete index makes it easy to find every topic and term. How to Use the Energy Efficiency Manual......Page 4 A PERSONAL NOTE: THE RIGHT WAY TO DO ENERGY CONSERVATION......Page 5 Expression of Gratitude......Page 10 Contents......Page 14 Section 1. BOILER PLANT......Page 30 1.1 Equipment Scheduling and Operating Practices......Page 32 MEASURE 1.1.3 Operate boiler auxiliary equipment......Page 44 MEASURE 1.1.3.1 Interlock auxiliary equipment with......Page 46 MEASURE 1.1.4 Distribute the heating load among......Page 47 MEASURE 1.1.4.1 Install an automatic boiler......Page 51 MEASURE 1.1.5 In steam systems, keep steam......Page 53 MEASURE 1.1.1 Minimize the duration of boiler plant operation.......Page 33 MEASURE 1.1.1.1 For applications with regular......Page 35 MEASURE 1.1.1.2 In applications that require a......Page 36 MEASURE 1.1.1.3 If the boiler plant is used only for......Page 38 MEASURE 1.1.1.4 In applications where automatic......Page 40 MEASURE 1.1.2 With multi-fuel boilers, select the......Page 41 MEASURE 1.1.2.1 Install automatic fuel changeover.......Page 43 1.2 er Plant Efficiency Measurement......Page 56 MEASURE 1.2.1 Test boiler efficiency on a continuing......Page 57 MEASURE 1.2.2 Install efficiency instrumentation......Page 67 MEASURE 1.2.3 Calibrate boiler plant instruments at......Page 70 MEASURE 1.2.4 Keep operators proficient in using......Page 71 1.3 Air-Fuel Ratio......Page 72 MEASURE 1.3.1 Optimize the air-fuel ratio.......Page 73 MEASURE 1.3.2 Install automatic air-fuel......Page 78 MEASURE 1.3.3 Adjust and repair air-fuel......Page 82 1.4 Burner and Fan Systems......Page 84 MEASURE 1.4.1 Clean, adjust, and repair burner......Page 85 MEASURE 1.4.2 Eliminate air leaks in air casings,......Page 87 MEASURE 1.4.3 In boilers that are fired at......Page 88 MEASURE 1.4.4 Install burner systems that provide......Page 91 MEASURE 1.4.6 Replace continuous pilot flames with......Page 102 MEASURE 1.4.7 Install variable-output fan drives on......Page 103 1.5 Draft Control......Page 106 MEASURE 1.5.1 Adjust draft for maximum efficiency.......Page 107 MEASURE 1.5.2 Correct defects in flue systems and......Page 112 MEASURE 1.5.3 Minimize standby losses.......Page 115 MEASURE 1.5.3.1 Control all fans in the combustion......Page 116 MEASURE 1.5.3.2 Install an automatic flue damper.......Page 117 1.6 Firesides and Watersides......Page 121 MEASURE 1.6.1 Clean firesides at appropriate......Page 122 MEASURE 1.6.2 Install soot blowers in boilers that......Page 124 MEASURE 1.6.3 Optimize soot blower operation.......Page 127 MEASURE 1.6.4 Clean watersides at appropriate......Page 128 MEASURE 1.6.5 Avoid leaving waterside deposits......Page 130 1.7 Combustion Gas Heat Transfer And Heat Recovery......Page 131 MEASURE 1.7.1 Install a flue gas heat exchanger to......Page 132 MEASURE 1.7.1.1 Install a conventional......Page 133 MEASURE 1.7.1.2 Install a heat recovery air......Page 138 MEASURE 1.7.1.3 Install a condensing economizer.......Page 141 MEASURE 1.7.1.4 Install a water spray heat......Page 143 MEASURE 1.7.2 In firetube boilers, install......Page 145 1.8 Condensate, Feedwater, and Water Treatment......Page 148 MEASURE 1.8.1 Test and treat boiler water on a......Page 153 MEASURE 1.8.1.1 Hire a qualified consultant and......Page 161 MEASURE 1.8.1.2 Install automatic water treatment......Page 163 MEASURE 1.8.2 Control top and bottom blowdown to......Page 164 MEASURE 1.8.2.1 Install automatic blowdown control.......Page 168 MEASURE 1.8.3 Install blowdown heat recovery.......Page 169 MEASURE 1.8.4 Maximize condensate return.......Page 174 MEASURE 1.8.4.1 Recover the heat from condensate......Page 177 MEASURE 1.8.4.2 Recover the energy of hightemperature......Page 178 MEASURE 1.8.5 Keep vacuum condensate systems......Page 180 MEASURE 1.8.6 Replace pump motors with models......Page 182 1.9 Fuel Oil Systems......Page 183 MEASURE 1.9.1 Adjust fuel oil temperature to provide......Page 184 MEASURE 1.9.1.1 Install automatic fuel oil viscosity......Page 186 MEASURE 1.9.2 Use the most economical heat source......Page 187 MEASURE 1.9.3 Use fuel oil additives to improve......Page 188 MEASURE 1.9.4 Replace pump motors with models......Page 190 1.10 Steam And Water Leakage......Page 191 MEASURE 1.10.1 Monitor boiler system water loss.......Page 192 MEASURE 1.10.2 Locate and repair steam and water......Page 193 MEASURE 1.10.3 Use the most efficient type of steam......Page 197 MEASURE 1.10.4 Test and repair steam traps on a......Page 208 MEASURE 1.10.4.1 Install accessory devices to assist......Page 213 MEASURE 1.10.4.2 Hire specialists to perform......Page 217 MEASURE 1.10.5 Recover heat and water from......Page 218 1.11 Conduction and Radiation Losses......Page 220 MEASURE 1.11.1 Locate and repair defective......Page 221 MEASURE 1.11.2 Minimize cooling or ventilation of......Page 225 MEASURE 1.11.3 Route combustion air to the boiler......Page 227 1.12 System Design for Efficient Low-Load Heating......Page 233 MEASURE 1.12.1 In facilities that operate for......Page 234 MEASURE 1.12.2 Install localized heating units to......Page 238 MEASURE 1.12.3 If it is desirable to reduce the boiler......Page 240 MEASURE 1.12.4 If a facility has several boiler plants,......Page 241 Section 2. CHILLER PLANT......Page 244 2.1 Equipment Scheduling And Operating Practices......Page 245 MEASURE 2.1.1 Distribute the cooling load among......Page 246 MEASURE 2.1.1.1 Install an automatic chiller......Page 249 MEASURE 2.1.2 Use automatic controls to shut down the entire......Page 251 MEASURE 2.1.2.1 Control chiller plant operation by......Page 252 MEASURE 2.1.2.2 Limit the operation of the chiller......Page 253 MEASURE 2.1.2.4 In applications where pre-cooling is......Page 255 MEASURE 2.1.2.5 In applications where automatic......Page 256 MEASURE 2.1.4 In plants with multiple water chillers,......Page 259 MEASURE 2.1.5 Install power switching that prevents......Page 266 MEASURE 2.1.6 Turn off compressor sump/crankcase......Page 267 2.2 Optimum Operating Temperatures......Page 268 MEASURE 2.2.1 Keep the chilled water supply temperature as......Page 269 MEASURE 2.2.1.1 Reset chilled water......Page 270 MEASURE 2.2.1.2 Install an automatic chilled water......Page 271 MEASURE 2.2.2 Optimize the condensing temperature.......Page 272 MEASURE 2.2.2.1 Adjust the condenser......Page 275 MEASURE 2.2.2.2 Install automatic condenser......Page 277 2.3 Condenser and Evaporator Heat Transfer Efficiency......Page 279 MEASURE 2.3.1 In systems with open-loop cooling......Page 280 MEASURE 2.3.1.1 Install automatic condenser......Page 281 MEASURE 2.3.2 With water chillers, clean evaporator......Page 283 MEASURE 2.3.3 With wet condenser cooling systems,......Page 284 MEASURE 2.3.3.2 Install and maintain automatic......Page 286 MEASURE 2.3.4 With wet cooling systems, adjust the......Page 287 MEASURE 2.3.4.1 Install and maintain an automatic......Page 289 MEASURE 2.3.5 In chilled water systems, install......Page 290 2.4 Heat Rejection Equipment......Page 292 MEASURE 2.4.1 Modulate fan output in heat rejection units to......Page 294 MEASURE 2.4.1.1 Install variable-frequency......Page 298 MEASURE 2.4.1.2 Install variable-pitch......Page 300 MEASURE 2.4.1.3 Install dual or multi-speed motors.......Page 302 MEASURE 2.4.2 In multiple-cell cooling units,......Page 304 MEASURE 2.4.3 Clean heat rejection units at......Page 305 MEASURE 2.4.3.1 Install and screen heat rejection......Page 308 MEASURE 2.4.4 In gravity-flow cooling towers, ensure......Page 310 MEASURE 2.4.5 Keep heat rejection unit housings......Page 311 MEASURE 2.4.6 Avoid recirculation of air through......Page 313 MEASURE 2.4.7 Install fan and pump motors having......Page 318 2.5 Pump Energy Consumption......Page 319 MEASURE 2.5.1.1 Trim pump impellers.......Page 320 MEASURE 2.5.2 Install variable-flow chilled......Page 321 MEASURE 2.5.3 Install pump motors having the......Page 332 2.6 Compressors......Page 333 MEASURE 2.6.1 If the compressor motor fails, replace......Page 334 MEASURE 2.6.2 Replace inefficient compressors with......Page 335 MEASURE 2.6.3 In centrifugal chillers,......Page 337 2.7 Refrigerant Condition......Page 339 MEASURE 2.7.1 Repair chiller system leaks.......Page 340 MEASURE 2.7.2 Maintain the proper......Page 344 MEASURE 2.7.3 Operate purge units appropriately.......Page 349 MEASURE 2.7.3.1 Install high-efficiency purge units.......Page 352 MEASURE 2.7.4 Install accessories that prevent air......Page 354 MEASURE 2.7.5 Drain the water from the evaporators......Page 356 2.8 System Design for Efficient Low-Load Cooling......Page 357 MEASURE 2.8.1 Install chillers and auxiliary......Page 359 MEASURE 2.8.2 Install local cooling units to allow......Page 363 MEASURE 2.8.3 If a facility has several chiller plants,......Page 366 2.9 Exploiting Low Ambient Temperature for Water Chilling......Page 369 MEASURE 2.9.1 Install chiller “free cooling.”......Page 373 MEASURE 2.9.2 Cool chilled water with a heat......Page 375 MEASURE 2.9.3 Install a strainer system to use......Page 377 MEASURE 2.9.4 Install a “waterside economizer”......Page 381 MEASURE 2.9.5 Install a closed-loop atmospheric......Page 384 2.10 Heat Recovery From Chillers......Page 386 MEASURE 2.10.1 Use condenser water directly for......Page 390 MEASURE 2.10.2 Use an auxiliary condenser or......Page 392 MEASURE 2.10.3 To recover large amounts of heat at......Page 395 MEASURE 2.10.4 To recover small quantities of heat......Page 398 MEASURE 2.10.5 Improve the quantity or economics......Page 401 2.11 Cooling Thermal Storage......Page 406 MEASURE 2.11.1 Install cooling thermal storage.......Page 407 Section 3. SERVICE WATER SYSTEMS......Page 438 3.1 Reducing Service Water Consumption......Page 439 MEASURE 3.1.1 Repair water fixtures regularly.......Page 440 MEASURE 3.1.2 Install efficient wash basin fixtures.......Page 443 MEASURE 3.1.3 Install efficient shower heads.......Page 445 MEASURE 3.1.4 Install shower valves that allow easy......Page 448 MEASURE 3.1.5 Provide instructions for efficient use......Page 450 MEASURE 3.1.6 Install efficient toilets.......Page 451 MEASURE 3.1.7 Install efficient urinals or improve......Page 453 3.2 Water Heating Systems......Page 457 MEASURE 3.2.1 Minimize the hot water temperature.......Page 458 MEASURE 3.2.1.1 Use low-temperature detergents.......Page 461 MEASURE 3.2.2 Install a separate high-temperature......Page 462 MEASURE 3.2.3 Install water heaters that have the......Page 463 MEASURE 3.2.4 Install supplemental insulation......Page 468 MEASURE 3.2.5 Install automatic flue dampers on......Page 469 MEASURE 3.2.6 Clean and adjust the combustion......Page 470 MEASURE 3.2.7 Clean out scale from water heaters......Page 471 MEASURE 3.2.8 Exploit interruptible or storage rates......Page 473 MEASURE 3.2.9 Control electric water heating to......Page 477 3.3 Service Water Pumping......Page 479 MEASURE 3.3.1 In facilities that have their own service water pumps,......Page 480 MEASURE 3.3.1.1 Use multiple pressurization pumps.......Page 484 MEASURE 3.3.1.2 Install gravity tanks or pressurized......Page 488 MEASURE 3.3.2 Design hot water recirculation to......Page 492 MEASURE 3.3.4 Install power switching that prevents......Page 495 MEASURE 3.3.5 Install pump motors having the......Page 496 Section 4. AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS......Page 497 4.1 Minimizing Duration of Operation......Page 504 MEASURE 4.1.1 Turn off air handling systems when they......Page 505 MEASURE 4.1.1.1 Where spaces operate on regular......Page 506 MEASURE 4.1.1.2 Install optimum-start controllers to......Page 508 MEASURE 4.1.1.3 In spaces with irregular usage,......Page 510 MEASURE 4.1.1.4 In spaces with irregular usage,......Page 512 MEASURE 4.1.1.5 Assign responsibility for operating......Page 514 MEASURE 4.1.1.6 In applications where automatic......Page 515 4.2 Outside Air Intake and Building Pressurization......Page 516 MEASURE 4.2.1 Adjust outside air intake to the......Page 518 MEASURE 4.2.1.2 Control outside air intake by......Page 529 MEASURE 4.2.1.1 During periods of reduced......Page 526 MEASURE 4.2.2 Provide accurate control of outside......Page 531 MEASURE 4.2.3 Where once-through air handling......Page 537 MEASURE 4.2.4 Use air cleaning to reduce the need......Page 538 MEASURE 4.2.5 Provide outside air economizer cycle......Page 546 MEASURE 4.2.6 Install enthalpy control of......Page 550 MEASURE 4.2.7 Install a purge cycle for......Page 552 MEASURE 4.2.8 Install an exhaust air heat......Page 554 MEASURE 4.2.9 Improve the envelope penetrations of......Page 562 MEASURE 4.2.10 Minimize the use of extra heat for......Page 567 MEASURE 4.2.11 Eliminate air handling system......Page 572 4.3 Single-Zone Systems......Page 578 MEASURE 4.3.1 Install placards at user controls to......Page 580 MEASURE 4.3.2 If conditioning cannot be turned off......Page 582 MEASURE 4.3.3 Match fan output to the conditioning load.......Page 584 MEASURE 4.3.3.2 Cycle the running of the fans and......Page 587 MEASURE 4.3.3.3 Install multi-speed fan motors.......Page 590 MEASURE 4.3.3.4 Convert the system to......Page 592 MEASURE 4.3.4 Install thermostatic controls that allow space......Page 595 MEASURE 4.3.4.1 Install thermostats that require......Page 596 MEASURE 4.3.4.2 Install deadband thermostats.......Page 599 MEASURE 4.3.4.3 Adjust or modify the coil controls to......Page 602 4.4 Single-Duct Reheat Systems......Page 604 MEASURE 4.4.1 Set the cooling coil discharge......Page 606 MEASURE 4.4.1.1 Install automatic chilled air......Page 609 MEASURE 4.4.2 Turn off the air handling unit cooling......Page 611 MEASURE 4.4.3 Turn off reheat coils when practical.......Page 612 MEASURE 4.4.4 In terminal units that blend supply......Page 613 MEASURE 4.4.5 Trim the fan output.......Page 614 MEASURE 4.4.6 Install multi-speed fan motors.......Page 615 MEASURE 4.4.7 Convert the system to variable-airvolume......Page 617 MEASURE 4.4.8 Replace all reheat coils in a system......Page 630 MEASURE 4.4.9 Install self-contained heating/cooling......Page 633 4.5 Dual-Duct Reheat Systems......Page 635 MEASURE 4.5.1 Keep the temperature of the cold......Page 638 MEASURE 4.5.1.1 Install temperature reset......Page 640 MEASURE 4.5.2 Turn off the heating coil and/or the......Page 641 MEASURE 4.5.5 Convert the system to variable-airvolume......Page 642 4.6 Multizone Systems......Page 649 MEASURE 4.6.2 Turn off the cooling coil or the......Page 652 MEASURE 4.6.4 Install multi-speed fan motors.......Page 653 MEASURE 4.6.5 Convert the system to......Page 654 4.7 Variable-Air-Volume Single-Duct Systems......Page 658 MEASURE 4.7.1 In spaces with shutoff VAV terminals,......Page 659 MEASURE 4.7.2 In spaces with shutoff VAV terminals,......Page 661 MEASURE 4.7.3 If the air handling systems cannot be......Page 664 MEASURE 4.7.4 Turn off the air handling unit cooling......Page 666 MEASURE 4.7.5 Minimize the minimum-flow settings......Page 667 MEASURE 4.7.6 Set the cooling coil discharge at......Page 669 MEASURE 4.7.6.1 Install automatic chilled air......Page 670 MEASURE 4.7.7 With minimum-flow terminals,......Page 671 MEASURE 4.7.8 Improve the efficiency of......Page 674 4.8 Variable-Air-Volume Dual-Duct Systems......Page 678 MEASURE 4.8.2 In spaces with shutoff VAV terminals,......Page 680 MEASURE 4.8.4 Turn off the heating coil and/or the......Page 681 MEASURE 4.8.5 Adjust minimum-flow terminals to......Page 682 MEASURE 4.8.6 Keep the cold duct temperature as......Page 684 MEASURE 4.8.7 Improve the efficiency of......Page 685 MEASURE 4.8.8 Install an outside air economizer......Page 686 4.9 Induction Systems......Page 688 MEASURE 4.9.1 Maximize the primary air......Page 690 MEASURE 4.9.1.1 Install automatic temperature reset......Page 691 MEASURE 4.9.2 Turn off the air handling unit cooling......Page 692 MEASURE 4.9.3 Install temperature setback.......Page 693 MEASURE 4.9.4 Clean, adjust, and repair induction......Page 695 MEASURE 4.9.5 Avoid discharging conditioned air on......Page 696 Section 5. ROOM CONDITIONING UNITS......Page 697 5.1 Minimizing Equipment Operation......Page 699 MEASURE 5.1.1 Install placards at the controls of......Page 700 MEASURE 5.1.2 Assign responsibility for turning......Page 704 MEASURE 5.1.3 Install automatic controls to turn off conditioning......Page 705 MEASURE 5.1.3.1 Where spaces operate on regular......Page 707 MEASURE 5.1.3.4 Connect the power to conditioning......Page 710 MEASURE 5.1.4 Install proximity switches......Page 712 5.2 Radiators and Convectors......Page 715 MEASURE 5.2.1 Clean and repair radiators and......Page 716 MEASURE 5.2.2 Install thermostatic control valves on......Page 717 MEASURE 5.2.3 On units with manual control valves,......Page 720 MEASURE 5.2.4 Ensure that convection and radiation......Page 721 MEASURE 5.2.5 Avoid trapping heat output......Page 723 MEASURE 5.2.6 Thermally isolate radiators and......Page 725 MEASURE 5.2.7 With steam heating, install a vacuum......Page 727 MEASURE 5.2.8 Convert steam heating to......Page 729 MEASURE 5.2.9 Replace electric resistance convectors......Page 732 MEASURE 5.2.10 Provide separate thermostatic......Page 734 5.3 Fan-Coil Units......Page 737 MEASURE 5.3.1 Clean, adjust, lubricate, and repair......Page 738 MEASURE 5.3.2 Select high-efficiency motors in new......Page 740 MEASURE 5.3.3 Keep conditioned air from......Page 741 MEASURE 5.3.4 Install thermostatic controls that......Page 743 MEASURE 5.3.5 Convert 3-pipe systems to......Page 744 MEASURE 5.3.6 Convert 3-pipe systems to......Page 747 MEASURE 5.3.7 Replace electric resistance heating......Page 748 5.4 Self-Contained Air Conditioners......Page 749 MEASURE 5.4.1 Clean, adjust, lubricate, and repair......Page 750 MEASURE 5.4.2 Install high-efficiency......Page 752 MEASURE 5.4.3 Seal through-wall conditioning units......Page 753 MEASURE 5.4.4 In units that provide outside air......Page 754 MEASURE 5.4.5 Install air conditioning units and heat......Page 755 MEASURE 5.4.6 If electric heating elements are......Page 757 5.5 Remotely Cooled Air Conditioning Units......Page 759 MEASURE 5.5.1 Clean, adjust, lubricate, and repair......Page 761 MEASURE 5.5.2 Replace fan, pump, and compressor......Page 762 MEASURE 5.5.3 Install compressors or new......Page 763 MEASURE 5.5.4 Optimize the condenser......Page 764 MEASURE 5.5.6 Drain cooling towers and evaporative......Page 766 MEASURE 5.5.7 Replace electric heating elements in......Page 767 MEASURE 5.5.8 With cooling towers and evaporative......Page 768 MEASURE 5.5.9 Recover condenser heat for......Page 769 MEASURE 5.5.10 Improve cooling efficiency by using......Page 771 5.6 Heat Pump Loop Systems (Additional Measures)......Page 775 MEASURE 5.6.1 Install controls to optimize the loop......Page 781 MEASURE 5.6.2 Install automatic valves and bypass......Page 785 MEASURE 5.6.3 Improve efficiency by substituting a......Page 787 MEASURE 5.6.4 Add thermal storage to the......Page 790 5.7 Direct-Fired Heating Units......Page 793 MEASURE 5.7.1 Clean, adjust, lubricate, and repair......Page 794 MEASURE 5.7.2 Install high-efficiency heating units.......Page 795 MEASURE 5.7.3 Install automatic flue dampers......Page 798 MEASURE 5.7.4 Set the anticipators of space......Page 800 Section 6. BUILDING AIR LEAKAGE......Page 801 6.1 Personnel Doors......Page 803 MEASURE 6.1.1 Maintain the fit, closure, and sealing......Page 804 MEASURE 6.1.2 Install appropriate weatherstripping......Page 805 MEASURE 6.1.3.1 If manual opening of doors is......Page 807 MEASURE 6.1.3.2 If manual opening of doors is......Page 808 MEASURE 6.1.4 Install high-efficiency doors.......Page 810 MEASURE 6.1.5 If a pressure differential at the......Page 811 MEASURE 6.1.6 If a revolving door is installed,......Page 813 MEASURE 6.1.7 Install storm doors.......Page 814 MEASURE 6.1.8 Install vestibules for doors with......Page 816 MEASURE 6.1.9 Seal abandoned doors.......Page 819 6.2 Garage, Loading, and Equipment Doors......Page 820 MEASURE 6.2.1 Maintain the fit, closure, and sealing......Page 821 MEASURE 6.2.2 Install infiltration seals on......Page 822 MEASURE 6.2.3 Install powered door operators.......Page 825 MEASURE 6.2.4 Install efficient exterior doors.......Page 828 MEASURE 6.2.5 Install lightweight quick-acting doors to......Page 834 MEASURE 6.2.5.1 Install strip curtains.......Page 835 MEASURE 6.2.5.2 Install fabric swing doors.......Page 837 MEASURE 6.2.5.3 Install impact doors.......Page 838 MEASURE 6.2.5.4 Install powered quick-acting vehicle......Page 841 MEASURE 6.2.6 Install dock-to-truck seals.......Page 849 6.3 Window Air Leakage......Page 854 MEASURE 6.3.1 Maintain the fit, closure, and......Page 855 MEASURE 6.3.2 Install weatherstripping on......Page 856 MEASURE 6.3.4 Install high-efficiency windows.......Page 857 6.4 Other Envelope Leakage......Page 858 MEASURE 6.4.1 Seal gaps in the envelope structure.......Page 859 MEASURE 6.4.2 Install gaskets at wall switches and......Page 863 MEASURE 6.4.3 Install roof and attic hatches that......Page 864 MEASURE 6.4.4 Adjust and repair space air......Page 865 MEASURE 6.4.5 Ventilate elevator shafts rationally.......Page 867 Section 7. BUILDING INSULATION......Page 868 7.1 Roofs and Attics......Page 869 MEASURE 7.1.1 Increase the quantity of......Page 870 MEASURE 7.1.2 Add rigid insulation to the top......Page 873 MEASURE 7.1.3 Apply sprayed foam insulation to the......Page 876 MEASURE 7.1.4 Install insulation on the......Page 878 MEASURE 7.1.5 Install a suspended insulated ceiling.......Page 880 7.2 Walls and Soffits......Page 882 MEASURE 7.2.1 Insulate wall cavities.......Page 883 MEASURE 7.2.2 Insulate the inside surfaces of walls.......Page 889 MEASURE 7.2.3 Insulate the outside surfaces of walls.......Page 894 MEASURE 7.2.4 Increase the thermal resistance of......Page 896 7.3 Glazing Insulation......Page 900 MEASURE 7.3.2 Install storm windows or......Page 901 MEASURE 7.3.4 Install thermal shutters.......Page 904 MEASURE 7.3.5 Use window films that reflect heat......Page 905 Section 8. CONTROL AND USE OF SUNLIGHT......Page 906 8,1 Reducing Cooling Load: Windows & Skylights......Page 910 MEASURE 8.1.1 Install external shading devices......Page 912 MEASURE 8.1.2 Install internal shading devices.......Page 923 MEASURE 8.1.3 Install high-efficiency glazing.......Page 927 MEASURE 8.1.4 Install solar control films on......Page 937 MEASURE 8.1.5 Reduce the area of glazing.......Page 942 8.2 Reducing Cooling Load: Opaque Surfaces and Overall......Page 945 MEASURE 8.2.2 Apply paint, coating, or sheathing......Page 946 MEASURE 8.2.3 Provide effective ventilation of attics.......Page 949 MEASURE 8.2.4 Plant trees and other foliage to......Page 953 8.3 Daylighting......Page 957 MEASURE 8.3.1 Install skylights or light pipes.......Page 958 MEASURE 8.3.2 Install diffusers for existing......Page 971 8.4 Passive Solar Heating......Page 975 MEASURE 8.4.1 Keep open the window shades of......Page 976 MEASURE 8.4.2 Install combinations of sunlight......Page 977 MEASURE 8.4.3 Install solar enclosures over areas......Page 980 Section 9. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING......Page 985 9.1 Lamps and Fixtures, Incandescent......Page 989 MEASURE 9.1.1 Eliminate excessive lighting......Page 991 MEASURE 9.1.2.1 Substitute screw-in fluorescent......Page 993 MEASURE 9.1.2.2 Substitute tungsten halogen lamps......Page 999 MEASURE 9.1.3 Substitute lamps that minimize light......Page 1001 MEASURE 9.1.4.1 In fixtures having shades that......Page 1004 MEASURE 9.1.4.2 Install reflective inserts in fixtures......Page 1006 MEASURE 9.1.4.3 For task lighting, install focussing......Page 1007 MEASURE 9.1.5 Replace incandescent fixtures with......Page 1008 MEASURE 9.1.6 Modify or replace incandescent exit......Page 1009 MEASURE 9.1.7 Install dimmers.......Page 1010 9.2 Lamps and Fixtures, Fluorescent......Page 1012 MEASURE 9.2.1 Eliminate excessive lighting by......Page 1013 MEASURE 9.2.1.1 To remove single tubes from 2-tube......Page 1017 MEASURE 9.2.1.2 To remove single tubes where......Page 1018 MEASURE 9.2.1.3 To remove single tubes from groups......Page 1019 MEASURE 9.2.2 Where fixtures have been delamped,......Page 1020 MEASURE 9.2.3 Replace fluorescent lamps with highefficiency......Page 1021 MEASURE 9.2.4 Replace ballasts with high-efficiency......Page 1024 MEASURE 9.2.5 Install current limiters.......Page 1031 MEASURE 9.2.6 Install fluorescent dimming......Page 1033 MEASURE 9.2.7 Consider retrofit “reflectors” for......Page 1036 9.3 Lamps and Fixtures, H.I.D. and L.P.S.......Page 1038 MEASURE 9.3.1 Install the most efficient HID lamps,......Page 1040 MEASURE 9.3.1.1 For lowest retrofit cost, replace......Page 1045 MEASURE 9.3.2 Install HID dimming equipment.......Page 1046 MEASURE 9.3.3 In appropriate applications,......Page 1048 9.4 Lighting Controls, Manual......Page 1052 MEASURE 9.4.1 Install effective placards at......Page 1053 MEASURE 9.4.2 Use security forces, watch engineers,......Page 1057 MEASURE 9.4.4 Replace rheostat dimmers with......Page 1058 MEASURE 9.4.5 Where fixtures are not easily visible......Page 1060 MEASURE 9.4.6 Draw attention to switches that......Page 1061 MEASURE 9.4.7 In applications where fixtures may be......Page 1062 9.5 Lighting Controls, Automatic......Page 1063 MEASURE 9.5.1 Where lighting is needed on a......Page 1064 MEASURE 9.5.1.1 To combine time switching with......Page 1066 MEASURE 9.5.2 Control exterior lighting with......Page 1067 MEASURE 9.5.3 Install interior photocontrols to......Page 1070 MEASURE 9.5.4 Where the need for lighting is......Page 1075 MEASURE 9.5.5 Where lighting can be turned off......Page 1077 MEASURE 9.5.6 If a door remains open when lighting......Page 1079 9.6 Lighting Layout......Page 1080 MEASURE 9.6.1 Make the surfaces of spaces......Page 1081 MEASURE 9.6.2 Lay out lighting using the task......Page 1084 MEASURE 9.6.2.1 Disconnect or remove fixtures......Page 1095 MEASURE 9.6.2.2 Relocate and reorient fixtures to......Page 1098 MEASURE 9.6.2.3 Replace fixtures and improve......Page 1100 MEASURE 9.6.3 Install fixtures or combinations of......Page 1104 MEASURE 9.6.4 Install a separate control circuit......Page 1106 MEASURE 9.6.4.1 Where light fixtures are needed......Page 1109 MEASURE 9.6.5 Install lighting controls at visible,......Page 1110 MEASURE 9.6.5.1 Provide localized control of ceiling......Page 1112 9.7 Fixture Maintenance and Marking......Page 1115 MEASURE 9.7.1 Clean fixtures and lamps at......Page 1116 MEASURE 9.7.2 Replace darkened diffusers.......Page 1117 MEASURE 9.7.3 In fixtures where the type or number......Page 1119 Section 10. INDEPENDENT ENERGY USING COMPONENTS......Page 1122 10.1 A. C. Induction Motors......Page 1124 MEASURE 10.1.1 Install motors having the highest......Page 1125 10.2 Centrifugal Pumps......Page 1140 MEASURE 10.2.1 Trim pump impellers to......Page 1141 MEASURE 10.2.2 Throttle the discharge of pumps to......Page 1146 10.3 Fans......Page 1150 MEASURE 10.3.1 Adjust the output of constant-flow......Page 1151 10.4 Standby Equipment......Page 1155 MEASURE 10.4.1 Install power switching that......Page 1156 Section 11. REFERENCE NOTES......Page 1158 10 Clock Controls and Programmable Thermostats......Page 1160 11 Personnel Sensors......Page 1166 12 Placards......Page 1174 13 Energy Management Control Systems......Page 1179 14 Control Signal Polling......Page 1187 15 Infrared Thermal Scanning......Page 1188 16 Measurement of Liquid, Gas, and Heat Flow......Page 1192 17 Energy Analysis Computer Programs......Page 1198 20 Fossil Fuels......Page 1205 21 Electricity Pricing......Page 1209 22 Low-Temperature Heat Sources & Heat Sinks......Page 1216 23 Non-Fossil Energy Sources......Page 1223 24 Characteristics of Sunlight......Page 1239 30 Boiler Types and Ratings......Page 1244 31 How Cooling Efficiency is Expressed......Page 1251 32 Compression Cooling......Page 1253 33 Absorption Cooling......Page 1276 34 Refrigerants......Page 1284 35 Building Air Leakage......Page 1292 41 How Insulation Works......Page 1295 42 Vapor Barriers......Page 1299 43 Insulation Selection......Page 1303 44 Insulation Integrity......Page 1308 45 Insulation Economics......Page 1310 46 Daylighting Design......Page 1311 47 Passive Solar Heating Design......Page 1320 50 Measuring Light Intensity......Page 1328 51 Factors in Lighting Quality......Page 1330 52 Comparative Light Source Characteristics......Page 1342 53 Lighting Efficiency Standards......Page 1349 54 Incandescent Lighting......Page 1350 55 Fluorescent Lighting......Page 1361 56 H.I.D. and L.P.S. Lighting......Page 1372 57 Light Distribution Patterns of Fixtures......Page 1382 CONTRIBUTORS OF ILLUSTRATIONS......Page 1384 DISCLAIMER & WARNING......Page 1386 INDEX......Page 1387 Publisher Provided Annotation Energy Efficiency Manual, by Donald Wulfinghoff, is the new comprehensive reference & how-to-book for energy conservation in commercial buildings, residential buildings & industrial plants. It combines the features of encyclopedia, textbook & practical field manual. This handbook details 400 actions for conserving energy in design, construction, retrofit, operation & maintenance. They cover heating & cooling efficiency, water conservation, insulation, air leakage, lighting, daylighting, solar heating & industrial equipment. The second part explains renewable energy sources, passive solar, wind energy, geothermal heat pumps, energy conservation codes, environmentally safe refrigerants, energy management computers & building automation systems, electricity rates, high efficiency motors, boilers, air conditioning equipment, fans, pumps, insulation, high efficiency lamps, thermostats, time controls & many other topics. Written as an easy conversation with readers of all backgrounds, it is packed with ratings, tips, illustrations & examples that make it easy to find the right conservation measures for every application. The clear non-mathematical presentation is for everyone from homeowners to architects, engineers, contractors, property managers, plant operators, business owners, financial managers, energy auditors, public utilities, students & faculty. Environmental protection, comfort, health & safety are major themes. Learn how to improve indoor air quality & avoid "sick building syndrome." This massive, 1,536-page reference work covers 400 energy conservation measures to optimize energy usage in every part of your building or facility. Carefully organized groups of measures cover the building structure, heating and air conditioning, central heating and cooling plants, water systems, lighting, use of sunlight, and common industrial equipment. Each measure has a unique Rating and Selection Scorecard, quickly identifying the best efficiency improvements for your application. "Traps & Tricks" distill decades of practical experience to insure success. The informative Reference section explains the important topics of energy conservation. Understand how equipment and materials work, including all types of lighting, insulation, heating and air conditioning equipment, high-efficiency motors and drives, pumps and fans. Learn successful design of daylighting and solar heating, and how to use energy measurement and calculation tools. Select refrigerants to minimize global warming. Compare the properties of energy sources from fossil fuels to wind and solar. This book is designed for everyone interested in energy conservation and environmental protection