Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference (EEDAL'19) (Springer Proceedings in Energy)

This book contains peer-reviewed papers presented at the 10 th International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting (EEDAL'19), held in Jinan, China from 6-8 November 2019. Energy efficiency helps to mitigate CO2 emissions and at the same time increases the security of energy supply. Energy efficiency is recognized as the cleanest, quickest and cheapest energy source. Not only this, but energy efficiency brings several additional benefits for society and end-users, such as lower energy costs, reduced local pollution, better outdoor and indoor air quality, etc. However, in some sectors, such as the residential sector, barriers to investments in energy efficiency remain. Legislation adopted in several jurisdictions (EU, Japan, USA, China, India, Australia, Brazil, etc.) helps in removing barriers and fosters investments in energy efficiency. These initiatives complement innovative financing schemes for energy efficiency, the provision of energy services by energy service companies and different types of information programs. At the same time, progress in appliance technologies and in solid state lighting offer high levels of efficiency. LED lighting is an example. As with previous conferences in this series, EEDAL’19 provided a unique forum to discuss and debate the latest developments in energy and environmental impact of households, including appliances, lighting, heating and cooling equipment, electronics, smart meters, consumer behavior, and policies and programs. EEDAL addressed non-technical issues such as consumer behavior, energy access in developing countries, and demand response. Contents Energy Savings 2021: New European Energy Label and Ecodesign Requirements for Washing Machines 1 Introduction 2 The Three Generations of European Energy Labels for Washing Machines 3 A New Programme for Europeans: Eco 40-60 4 Ecodesign Requirements 5 CENELEC Work 6 Summary References Towards Consumer-Relevant Product Testing 1 Introduction 2 Consumer-Relevant Product Testing 3 Assessment Method 4 Implementation and Application of the Method 5 Washing Machines and Washer-Dryers 6 Vacuum Cleaners 7 Refrigerators 8 Dishwasher 9 Ovens and Hobs 10 Noise Emission 11 Conclusion References Shifting Consumers to Efficient Lighting: South Africa’s Lighting Information Label 1 Background and Context 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Qualitative Research Methodology 2.2 Quantitative Research Methodology 3 Final Research Sample and Reports Delivered 4 Follow Up Impact Interviews 5 Key Findings of the Research and Design Journey 5.1 Growing Opportunity and Desire for Educational Energy Efficiency Campaigns 5.2 Limited Knowledge of Efficient Lighting Technologies Despite Varied Needs and Access 5.3 Reactions to the First Information Label Concepts 5.4 Reactions to the Infographic Lighting Information Label Concepts 5.5 Impact of Exposure to Communication 10 Months Later in June 2019 6 Conclusion References Little Appliances: Big Power Appetites 1 Introduction 2 Domestic Appliances and Lighting 3 Domestic Appliances Other than Lighting 4 Toasters, Kettles and Dryers 5 Conclusions What Can Market Surveillance Learn from Reducing Violent Crime in Chicago? It’s Time that EU and Similarly Organised Market Surveillance Authorities Adopted a New Paradigm 1 Preamble 2 Introduction 3 The State of Market Surveillance Today in the EU 4 A Possible Future for Market Surveillance in the EU: The Paradigm shift [10] 4.1 Locating and Eliminating the Source 4.2 Stop the Spread 4.3 Treating Those Already Suffering from the Disease 4.4 Develop the Equivalent of Vaccines and Similar Immunisation 5 Concluding Remarks References A Residential End Use Energy Consumption and Appliance Ownership Patterns in India 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Approach and Methodology 3.1 Phase 1: Household Survey 3.2 Phase 2: End Use Monitoring 3.3 Phase 3: Data Processing and Analysis 4 Key Results 4.1 Survey Outcomes 4.1.1 Ownership and Usage Pattern 4.1.2 Energy Use 4.2 End Use Monitoring and Data Analysis 5 Conclusions and Way Forward References Impact of Environmental Factors on Energy Efficiency of Room Air Conditioners in India 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Approach and Methodology 4 Test Results and Analysis 4.1 Sample Selection 4.2 National/International Test Standards 4.2.1 Identification of Environmental Test Standards 4.2.2 Identification of Energy Performance Test Standards 4.3 Selection of an Accredited Test Laboratory to Conduct Energy Efficiency and Environmental Testing 4.4 Test Results 4.4.1 Test Results as per the Type of Environmental Test 4.4.2 Test Results as per the Type of Heat Exchanger Material 5 Conclusion References Policy Measures and Impact on the Market for the Room Air Conditioners in India 1 The Room Air Conditioner Market in India 1.1 Introduction 2 Indian Market Overview 2.1 Types of Room Air Conditioners in India 2.2 Market Demand for RACs 3 Evolution of RAC Energy Efficiency Policy in India 3.1 RAC Labeling Program 3.2 Market Share by Star Levels and Overall Efficiency Improvement 4 Market Transformation of Fixed and Variable Speed Labeled RAC 4.1 Overview of Labeling Program for Variable Speed RACs 5 Impact at the National Level 5.1 Energy Saving and Emission Reduction 5.1.1 Energy Savings Calculation Procedure 5.1.2 In Billion Units 6 Policy Options and Results 6.1 Policy Options 6.2 Increasing MEPS by 4% and Star Ratings Levels 6.3 Energy Saving and Emissions reductions 6.4 Policy Implementation Assumptions 7 Conclusions References When the Party’s Over, Don’t Turn Off the Lights! Making Donor Funded S&L Programs Sustainable 1 Introduction to South Africa’s Residential Appliance S&L Program 2 S&L Program: 2011 Until 2015 3 Project’s Second Half: 2015 up to March 2019 3.1 UNDP Organization Changes (Indirect) 3.2 Procurement (Direct) 3.3 Project Governance and Private Sector Involvement (Direct) 4 Projects Have a Start and End Date: Programs Do Not 4.1 Project Performance Considerations Leading up to Project Closure 4.2 Funding Sources Post Project Closure 4.3 Report 1: Review of Existing Appliance Energy Classes and Recommended Changes to Existing MEPS 4.4 Report 2: Identification of the Next Set of Electrical Appliances for Inclusion in the National S&L Program 5 Conclusion References Final Impact Assessment of a Small-Scale Biomass Gasifier Fuel-Cell CHP System for Clean On-site Power Generation 1 Introduction 2 Environmental Considerations of Small Scale Biomass CHP 2.1 Assessing Environmental Impacts 2.1.1 Step 1: Problem Definition: Energy and Resource Efficiency 2.1.2 Step 2: Define Objectives: Efficiency First 2.1.3 Step 3: Develop Options: System Application Cases 2.1.4 Step 4: Impact Analysis 2.1.5 Step 5: Comparison of Options 3 A Policy Package for Small-Scale CHP Technologies 3.1 A Policy Package on EU Level 3.2 Drivers and Barriers of Selected EU Policies 4 Conclusions and Outlook References Mainstreaming Energy Productivity Lending Practices among Indian Financial Institutions (FIs) 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Approach and Methodology 4 Discussions 5 Conclusions References The Effectiveness of Gas-Boosted Solar Water Heaters in an Australian Monitored Low-Energy Housing Development 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Case-Study: Lochiel Park 3.1 The Lochiel Park Green Village 3.2 In-Home Monitoring System 3.3 Water Heater Systems Used in this Study 4 Methodology 4.1 Heat Energy Required 4.1.1 Additional Loads for Instantaneous Systems 4.1.2 Additional Loads for Gas Storage Systems 4.2 Solar Fraction 5 Results 5.1 Observation of Water Heater Settings and Patterns of Usage 5.2 Assessment of Water Heater from Monitoring System Data 5.2.1 Monthly Gas to Hot Water Patterns 5.2.2 Daily Gas to Hot Water Ratios 5.3 Calculated Energy Savings and Solar Fractions 6 Discussions 6.1 L04FO (STOR) 6.2 L26ST (INST) 6.3 Other Issues 7 Summary and Conclusions References Modelling Residential End-Use Electricity Consumption Using Statistical and Artificial Intelligence Approaches 1 Introduction 2 Sources of Data Used 3 Methodology of the Study 3.1 CDA Model Development 3.2 ANFIS Model Development 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Going Digital! South Africa’s Energy Labeling Program Adopting Digital Tools of Database, QR Code and Smart Phone APP 1 Introduction of Regulatory Framework of South Africa’s Standards and Labelling (S&L) Program 2 Compliance Procedures: Obtaining a Letter of Authority 3 Consumer Awareness 4 Digital Measures to Improve Efficiency and Effectiveness of Energy Labeling Programs 4.1 Overview of Digital Measures for Energy Labeling Programs 4.2 Database 4.3 QR Code 5 Smart Phone APP 6 Conclusion References New Trends of Energy Efficiency Requirements for LED Lighting Products in China, EU and US 1 Introduction: LEDs Getting Mature as Leading Lighting Technology Globally 2 Energy Efficiency Standards (MEPS) for LED Lighting Products in China 2.1 Framework of MEPS for LED Lighting Products 2.2 Development of More MEPS for LED Lighting Products 2.3 Changes in the New MEPS for LED Lighting Products 2.4 Key Parameters of LED Lighting MEPS 3 European Lighting Regulations Under Ecodesign 3.1 Overview of Recent Efforts That Have Been Taken in European Union 3.2 Newly Adopted Lighting Regulation in EU 4 LED Lighting Certification and Qualification Programs in the USA 4.1 Energy Star and Quality Product List (QPL) 4.2 DLC Technical Requirements for QPL 5 Summary of Key Metrics in the Requirements of the Three Economies 6 Implications on Regulations Trend Toward LED Lighting Based on the Latest Experiences from China, EU and the US References Smart Efficient Fan Controller® with Fault Detection Diagnostics 1 Introduction 2 Test Equipment Laboratory Setup 3 Cooling Test Data and Energy Savings Analysis 4 Gas Furnace Heating Test Data and Energy Savings Analysis 5 Heat Pump Heating Test Data and Energy Savings Analysis 6 Hydronic Heating Test Data and Energy Savings Analysis 7 Fan-On Continuously Fault Detection Diagnostics and Energy Savings 8 Discussion 9 Conclusions References Energy Consumption Scenarios and Policy Implications for Home Automation and IoT 1 Background 2 Methodology 2.1 Estimating Global Number of Repeaters 3 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Consumer Demand Side Flexibility in Europe 1 Introduction 2 Demand Side Flexibility and a Cleaner Energy 3 Changing Regulatory Environment 4 Demand Side Management Techniques 5 Use Cases 6 Flexibility Potential Benefits 7 Conclusions References Using Feedback on Computer States to Improve Power Management Behaviors 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 The Power Management User Interface Feedback Application 2.2 Data Collection 2.3 Subjects 2.4 Measures 3 Results 3.1 Initial Computer Sleep Settings 3.2 Changes to Sleep Settings 3.2.1 Immediate Response to Intervention 3.2.2 Long-Term Changes over the Experimental Period 3.2.3 Changes in Delay Times for Computer and Display 4 Discussion References The Energy Impacts of Video Streaming Devices and Smart Speakers 1 Introduction 2 Smart Speaker Testing 2.1 Smart Speaker Test Method 2.2 Smart Speaker Testing Results 3 Video Streaming Device Testing 3.1 Video Streaming Device Test Method 3.2 Video Streaming Device Test Results 4 Linking a Television to a Smart Speaker and Operating It Through Voice Commands 4.1 Test Method for Measuring TV Standby Power When Linked to a Smart Speaker 4.2 Results and Potential Impacts 4.3 Potential National Impact of Poor Wake by Voice Implementation in TVs 4.4 Learnings from Follow-Up Discussions with Manufacturers and Additional Testing 5 Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Recommendations References Impact of New Approaches to Address Energy Management Gaps on Total Energy Use in Computer Workstations 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Idle Period Determination and Power Management Classification 2.2 Marginal Interventional Savings Calculation 2.3 Sensing and Occupancy Detection Comparison 3 Results 3.1 State Usage Summary 3.2 Observed Power Management Performance 3.3 Interventional Savings in All Study and PM Subset Workstations 3.4 Marginal Interventional Savings 3.5 Sensing and Occupancy Detection Comparison 4 Discussion References State Based Approximation of Behavior Contribution to Energy Usage 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Device Selection and Testing 2.2 Device Usage Profiles 2.3 Energy Use Modeling 2.4 Energy Use Analyses 3 Results 3.1 Range of Energy Consumption Across Profiles, by Device 3.2 Effects of Usage Aspects 4 Discussion 5 Specific Devices 5.1 Televisions 5.2 Video Game Console 5.3 Set-Top Box 5.4 Streaming Device 5.5 Sound Bar 5.6 Desktop and Laptop Computers 5.7 Pod Coffee Makers 5.8 Rice Cooker 6 Overall 6.1 Range of Energy Consumption 6.1.1 Active Use 6.1.2 Pattern of Use 6.1.3 Power Management 6.1.4 Evaluation Method Limitations References Regulating On- and Off-Grid Lighting and Appliances in Eastern and Southern Africa 1 Introduction 2 Defining the Technologies: Differences and Similarities Between On- and Off-Grid Lighting and Refrigerators 2.1 Understanding End-Users 2.1.1 Similarities Between On- and Off-Grid Appliance Users 2.1.2 Differences Between Off- and On-Grid Appliance Users 2.2 Design Considerations for On- and Off-Grid Appliances 2.2.1 Similarities Between the Design Considerations for On- and Off-Grid Appliances 2.2.2 Differences Between the Design Considerations for On- and Off-Grid Appliances 2.3 On- and Off-Grid Lighting and Refrigerator Technology Types 2.3.1 On- and Off-Grid Lighting 2.3.2 On- and Off-Grid Household Refrigerators 2.4 Conclusion on the Similarities and Differences Between On- and Off-Grid Lighting Products and Refrigerators 3 Current State of the Market for On- and Off-Grid Lighting and Refrigerators in the Region 3.1 On- and Off-Grid Lighting Markets in East and Southern Africa 3.1.1 On-Grid Lighting Market 3.1.2 Off-Grid Lighting Market 3.2 On- and Off-Grid Refrigerator Markets in East and Southern Africa 3.2.1 On-Grid Refrigerator Market 3.2.2 Off-Grid Refrigerator Market 3.3 Conclusions of the On- and Off-Grid Lighting and Refrigerator Markets in East and Southern Africa 4 Comparisons Between the Performance of On- Versus Off-Grid Lighting Products and Refrigerators 4.1 Energy Consumption of Lighting Products 4.2 Refrigerators Energy Consumption 4.3 Conclusions on the Efficacy and Energy Consumption of On- and Off-Grid Lighting Products and Appliances 5 Existing Lighting and Appliance Policies in the Region 6 Recommendations 6.1 Recommendation 1: Identify the Most Appropriate Regulatory Intervention for the Market and Develop a Roadmap 6.2 Recommendation 2: Align with or Adopt Existing Test Methods 6.3 Recommendation 3: Set Performance Requirements That Are Appropriate for the Market and Technology Types 6.4 Recommendation 4: Consider Regional Harmonization of Performance Standards 7 Overall Conclusion References Policy Measures to Prevent Dumping of Environmentally Harmful and Low Efficiency Cooling Appliances in African Countries: Kenya as a Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection Methodology 3 Market Characteristics 4 Comparison of the Efficiency Levels of Products in the Kenyan Market to the MEPS in Source Countries 5 Using Regulation to Avoid Dumping of Low Efficiency RACs 6 Using Certification to Prevent Dumping of Second-Hand Products in Kenya 7 Refrigerants Contained in RACs in the Kenyan Market 8 Current Regulations Controlling the Use of Environmentally Harmful Refrigerants 9 Recommendations for African Countries on Policies to Avoid Dumping of Environmentally Harmful and Low Efficiency RACs 9.1 Recommendation 1: Adopt and Implement Standards and Labelling Policies for RACs 9.2 Recommendation 2: Utilize Performance Standards as a Way to Prevent Dumping of Second-Hand Appliances 9.3 Recommendation 3: Integrate the Refrigerant Transition Plans for Cooling Appliances into Environmental Regulations 10 Conclusion References Experiences of Electric Pressure Cookers in East Africa? 1 Introduction 1.1 Electricity in East and Southern Africa 1.1.1 Generating Capacity 1.1.2 Reliability and Security of Supply 1.1.3 Urbanisation and Biomass Cooking 1.1.4 Affordability of Electric Cooking 1.1.5 The Impact of Energy-Efficient Products/Services in East/Southern Africa 1.2 Why the EPC? 2 Methodology 2.1 Cooking Diaries 2.2 ‘Kitchen Laboratory’ 2.3 Focus Groups 3 Results 3.1 How Energy Efficient Are EPCs at Cooking East/Southern African Foods Under Controlled Conditions? 3.2 How Energy Efficient Are EPCs When Used by Everyday East/Southern African Cooks Under Semi-controlled Conditions? 3.3 How Useful Are EPCs and How Energy Efficient Are They When Used by Everyday Cooks in Real Kitchens? 3.3.1 Beyond ‘Heavy Foods’ 3.4 User Experience of EPCs 3.5 Automatic vs. Manual Control 4 Discussion 4.1 EPC Design Modifications That Could Open Up New Opportunities in East/Southern African Markets 5 Conclusion Appendix 1: Typical Kenyan Foods Appendix 2: Regional Colour Coding and Two-Letter Country Codes References Project “Intermittence Plus”, on the Path of Real-Time DSM 1 The Project Data 1.1 Project Overarching Objectives 2 The Consortium of the Project in Its National Ecosystem 3 The Genesis of the Project 4 Issues, Context and Objectives of the Project 4.1 The Context 4.2 The Issues at Stake 5 Technical and Scientific, Environmental and Societal Objectives 5.1 Industrial Objectives 6 Project Solutions 6.1 The Technological Aspect 6.2 The Project Demonstrator 6.3 The Structuring Orders of Magnitude that Guide the Project’s Researches 7 The Positioning of the Project’s Solutions Relatively to the State of the Art 8 Achievements of the Project at Technical Side 8.1 An Innovative Load Controller Tailored for Residential Market 8.2 A New Type of Communicating Regulation to Be Integrated in Highly Efficient Water Heaters 9 The Sociological Aspect in the Intermittence Plus Project 9.1 What About the Water Heater? 9.2 Socio-Energy Profiles in Interactions with the Water Heater 9.3 The General Population 10 Conclusion References Appliance Efficiency in Pacific Island Countries 1 Electricity Use in Pacific Countries 2 Regional Appliance Energy Efficiency Programs 3 Pacific Appliance Labelling and Standards (PALS) Program Outcomes 4 Establishing Consistency 4.1 Labels 4.2 Product Registration 4.3 Pacific Appliance Database (PAD) 4.4 Training 5 Lighting 6 PALS Evaluations 7 Conclusions References Creating a Business Model Framework for New Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Energy Service Provision Companies in China 1 Introduction 2 Energy Service Provision Business Models 2.1 Energy Service Provision Business Models Description 2.1.1 Main Areas of a Business ESCO Customers ESCO Offer ESCO Infrastructure ESCO Financial Viability 3 ESCO Business Model Building Blocks 3.1 ESCO Customer Segments 3.2 Energy Provider Value Propositions 3.3 ESCO Communication and Distribution Channels 3.4 ESCO Customer Relationships 3.5 ESCO Revenue Streams 3.6 ESCO Key Resources 3.7 ESCO Key Activities 3.8 ESCO Key Partnerships 3.8.1 Shared Savings Contracts 3.8.2 Typical Shared Contracts 3.8.3 Guaranteed Savings Contracts 3.8.4 Non-guaranteed Savings Contracts 3.8.5 Alternative Forms of Contract 3.9 ESCO Cost Structure 4 Conclusion References Transforming Air Conditioner Markets Through Effective Labeling Programs: Case Studies from India, Europe, Brazil, Thailand, and Vietnam 1 Introduction 2 Case Studies 2.1 India 2.1.1 The Evolution of the Indian AC Labeling Program 2.1.2 Impacts of the Indian Labeling Program 2.2 European Union 2.3 Brazil 2.4 Southeast Asia 2.4.1 Vietnam 2.4.2 Thailand 3 Conclusion and Lessons Learned 3.1 Public Awareness 3.2 Label Design 3.3 Label Revisions and Rescaling 3.4 Efficiency Metric References