Endocrinology of Pregnancy, An Issue of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics (The Clinics: Internal Medicine)

Cover......Page 1 Preface......Page 2 Luteal phase defect: myth or reality......Page 4 Issues in etiopathogenesis......Page 5 Basal body temperature chart......Page 6 Endometrial histology......Page 7 Progesterone levels......Page 8 Recurrent abortion......Page 10 Infertility......Page 12 Luteal suppression in assisted reproduction......Page 13 Recent concepts in endometrial evaluation......Page 14 References......Page 16 Normal implantation......Page 22 The endometrium and the menstrual cycle......Page 23 Mechanism of steroid hormone action......Page 24 Endometrial receptivity and the luteal phase defect......Page 25 Pinopodes......Page 26 Cell adhesion molecules......Page 27 Cytokines......Page 28 Homeobox genes......Page 29 Growth factors......Page 31 Prostaglandins......Page 32 Human chorionic gonadotropin......Page 33 Effects of androgens on implantation......Page 34 Summary......Page 35 References......Page 36 Progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone......Page 44 Human chorionic gonadotropin......Page 45 Carcinoembryonic antigen-125 (CA-125)......Page 46 Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a......Page 47 Inhibins......Page 49 Inhibin pro-alphaC......Page 50 Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1......Page 51 References......Page 52 Etiology......Page 56 Implantation window in tubal ectopic pregnancies......Page 57 Cytokines and tubal implantation......Page 58 Inflammation and ectopic implantation......Page 60 Trophoblast invasion in ectopic pregnancy......Page 61 Environmental factors that are associated with ectopic implantation......Page 62 Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy......Page 63 Management......Page 65 Medical therapy......Page 66 Surgery......Page 67 References......Page 68 Steroid hormone synthesis in pregnancy......Page 72 Substrate for steroid hormone synthesis......Page 74 Overview of steroidogenesis in pregnancy......Page 76 Cholesterol availability to p450 side chain cleavage system......Page 78 The steroidogenic pathways in human pregnancy......Page 80 Questions and controversies regarding human steroid hormone production in pregnancy......Page 83 References......Page 84 Structure of the fetal adrenal......Page 94 Steroidogenic enzymes in the fetal adrenal......Page 95 Role of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone in fetal adrenal regulation......Page 98 Fetal adrenal contributions to placental estrogen biosynthesis......Page 99 Congenital adrenal hypoplasia......Page 101 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia......Page 102 Placental enzymatic deficiencies......Page 103 Glucocorticoid hormones......Page 104 Disorders of the maternal adrenal......Page 106 Cushing's syndrome......Page 107 References......Page 108 Fetal hormones and sexual differentiation......Page 113 Formation of the bipotential gonad......Page 114 Primordial germ cell migration......Page 115 Sex determining region Y (SRY)......Page 116 Dosage-sensitive sex reversal-adrenal hypoplasia congenita on the X chromosome, gene 1 (Dax-1)......Page 117 Genetics of ovarian differentiation......Page 118 Secretion and action of Mllerian inhibiting substance......Page 119 Enzymes involved in testosterone synthesis......Page 121 3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase......Page 122 Internal genital differentiation in the female......Page 123 External genital differentiation in the male and female......Page 124 Dihydrotestosterone and external sexual differentiation......Page 125 Summary......Page 126 References......Page 127 Midtrimester Down syndrome serum markers......Page 133 Inhibin-A......Page 134 Free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin......Page 140 Cancer antigen 125......Page 136 The use of invasive trophoblast antigen to detect gestational Down syndrome......Page 137 First trimester serum screening for Down syndrome......Page 139 Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A......Page 141 Combined first and second trimester biochemical markers......Page 142 Trisomy 18......Page 143 Open neural tube and abdominal wall defect......Page 144 References......Page 145 Anatomy, embryology, and physiology......Page 149 Prolactin......Page 153 Corticotropin......Page 154 Growth hormone......Page 155 Thyroid-stimulating hormone......Page 156 Gonadotropins......Page 157 Prolactinoma......Page 158 Cushing's disease......Page 160 Sheehan's syndrome......Page 161 Diabetes insipidus......Page 162 Adrenal insufficiency......Page 163 References......Page 164 Normal thyroid physiology......Page 169 Fetal thyroid physiology......Page 171 Hyperthyroidism and pregnancy......Page 172 Graves' disease......Page 173 Thyroid storm......Page 175 Causes of hypothyroidism......Page 176 Postpartum thyroiditis......Page 177 Postpartum Graves' disease......Page 178 To screen or not to screen?......Page 179 References......Page 180 Normal carbohydrate metabolism......Page 182 Carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy......Page 183 Diagnostic criteria......Page 184 Other forms......Page 185 Microangiopathy......Page 186 Therapy......Page 187 Glucose control......Page 188 Pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy (pregestational diabetes)......Page 189 Retinopathy......Page 190 Neuropathy......Page 191 Impact on the pregnancy and the neonate......Page 192 Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy......Page 194 Prepregnancy counseling......Page 195 Glycemic control during gestation......Page 196 Fetal assessment......Page 198 Postpartum care and lactation......Page 199 Gestational diabetes mellitus......Page 200 Postpartum care......Page 202 References......Page 203 Human parturition is similar yet different from that of other species......Page 209 Corticotropin-releasing hormone......Page 211 Cortisol......Page 213 Estrogen......Page 214 Other putative fetal-initiators of parturition......Page 216 Summary......Page 217 References......Page 218 Fetal lung development......Page 222 Thyroid hormones and their role in fetal lung development......Page 223 Clinical trials of antenatal glucocorticoids......Page 224 Antenatal glucocorticoid administration and neonatal morbidity and mortality......Page 225 The 1994 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference......Page 226 Repeat courses of antenatal glucocorticoids......Page 228 Betamethasone versus dexamethasone......Page 229 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and glucocorticoids......Page 230 References......Page 231 Mammary gland: embryology......Page 235 Mammary gland: morphology......Page 236 Mammogenesis/lactogenesis......Page 237 Prolactin: a reproductive hormone......Page 238 Prolactin: during pregnancy......Page 240 Placental lactogen and growth hormones......Page 242 Galactopoiesis......Page 243 Galactokinetic hormones......Page 245 Oxytocin......Page 246 References......Page 247