Endocrine Disruptors : Effects on Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Second Edition

"Endocrine Disruptors: Effects on Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Second Edition examines the reproductive and health hazards of endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals from epidemiology to etiology, concluding with future directions. Leading authorities contribute expert analyses and up-to-date information on a topic that has become a major concern among the scientific community and the general public." "Divided into two sections, the first part of the book describes the effects of environmental toxicants on the female reproductive system, with an emphasis on the effects and mechanisms of their action on sex differentiation during development, fertility, and breast cancer. The second part addresses the effects of endocrine disruption on the male reproductive system, focusing on male fertility and the development of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer."--BOOK JACKET. Read more... Content: Section I Effect on the Female Reproductive System -- Disruption of Nongenomic Steroid Actions on Gametes and Serotonergic Pathways Controlling Reproductive Neuroendocrine Function by Environmental Chemicals -- Developmental and Reproductive Abnormalities Associated with Environmental Estrogens: Diethylstilbestrol (DES) as an Example Ovotoxic Environmental Chemicals: Indirect Endocrine Disruptors -- p,p'-DDE and HCB: Mechanisms of Toxicity to Fetal and Embryonic Mammalian Cells -- Dietary Phytoestrogens -- Estrogens, Xenoestrogens and the Development of Neoplasms -- Molecular Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption in Estrogen Dependent Processes -- 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and Related Environmental Antiestrogens: Characterization and Mechanism of Action -- Section II Effect on the Male Reproductive System -- Endocrine Disruptors and Male Infertility -- Environmental Androgens and Antiandrogens: An Expanding Chemical Universe -- Endocrine Disruptors and Male Sexual Dysfunction -- Prostate Development: Mechanisms for Opposite Effects of Low and High Doses of Estrogenic Chemicals -- Metal Ions as Endocrine Disruptors: Implications for Prostate Cancer. Abstract: "Endocrine Disruptors: Effects on Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Second Edition examines the reproductive and health hazards of endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals from epidemiology to etiology, concluding with future directions. Leading authorities contribute expert analyses and up-to-date information on a topic that has become a major concern among the scientific community and the general public." "Divided into two sections, the first part of the book describes the effects of environmental toxicants on the female reproductive system, with an emphasis on the effects and mechanisms of their action on sex differentiation during development, fertility, and breast cancer. The second part addresses the effects of endocrine disruption on the male reproductive system, focusing on male fertility and the development of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer."--BOOK JACKET ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS: Effects on Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Second Edition......Page 2 Dedication......Page 4 Preface......Page 5 Editor......Page 8 Contributors......Page 9 Acknowledgments......Page 12 Table of Contents......Page 13 Section I: Effect on the Female Reproductive System......Page 15 CONTENTS......Page 16 1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 17 1.2 NONGENOMIC ACTIONS OF STEROIDS......Page 19 1.2.2 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION OF NONGENOMIC STEROID ACTIONS......Page 20 1.2.3.1 Role of Oocyte Progestin Membrane Receptors......Page 21 1.2.3.2 Characteristics of Ovarian MIS Membrane Receptors in Fishes......Page 22 1.2.3.3 Xenoestrogen Binding to the Ovarian MIS Membrane Receptor in Fish......Page 23 1.2.3.4 Xenoestrogen Interference with MIS Induction of Oocyte Maturation......Page 25 1.2.3.5 Significance of Receptor Location in Plasma Membrane......Page 27 1.2.4.2 Characteristics of Sperm MIS Membrane Receptor in Fishes......Page 28 1.2.4.3 Role of Sperm MIS Membrane Receptor in Sperm Motility......Page 30 1.2.4.4 Xenoestrogen Binding to Sperm MIS Membrane Receptor......Page 31 1.2.4.5 Effects of Xenobiotics on Sperm Motility......Page 32 1.2.4.6 Current Issues in Endocrine Disruption of Nongenomic Steroid Actions......Page 33 1.2.5 CLONING, IDENTIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PROGESTIN MEMBRANE RECEPTORS IN FISH AND OTHER VERTEBRATES......Page 34 1.3.1 STIMULATORY 5-HT-GNRH NEUROENDOCRINE PATHWAY CONTROLLING LH SECRETION IN FISH......Page 37 1.3.2.1 Effects of Aroclor 1254 on Hypothalamic Tryptophan Hydroxylase and Monoamine Oxidase Activities......Page 39 1.3.2.3 Effects of PCB, PCPA, and PCB+5-HTP on GnRH Content in the POAH and Pituitary......Page 40 1.3.2.4 Effects of PCB, PCPA, and PCB+5-HTP on Basal and 5-HT-Induced GnRH Release from the POAH and Pituitary Slices Incubated In Vitro......Page 41 1.3.2.5 Effects of PCB, PCPA, and PCB+5-HTP on Basal and GnRHa-Induced LH Secretion......Page 42 1.3.2.6 Effects of PCB and GnRH Replacement Therapy on GnRH Receptors and LH Secretion......Page 43 1.3.3 EFFECT OF LEAD ON HYPOTHALAMIC MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEMS AND NEUROENDOCRINE FUNCTION......Page 45 REFERENCES......Page 48 CONTENTS......Page 59 2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 60 2.2 DEVELOPMENTAL BASIS OF ADULT DISEASE......Page 61 2.3 DES AS A PROTOTYPE ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGEN......Page 62 2.4.1 EARLY REPRODUCTIVE SENESCENCE AND DYSFUNCTION......Page 64 2.4.3 OVIDUCTAL TOXICITY......Page 65 2.4.4 UTERINE FIBROIDS AND ADENOCARCINOMA AND VAGINAL TOXICITY......Page 67 2.5 LOW-DOSE EFFECTS......Page 69 2.6 MECHANISMS OF REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY......Page 72 2.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 73 REFERENCES......Page 74 CONTENTS......Page 78 3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 79 3.2.1.1 Prenatal Development......Page 80 3.2.1.2.4 Antral Follicles......Page 81 3.2.2.1 Apoptosis as Atresia......Page 82 3.3 IMPACT OF XENOBIOTIC-INDUCED DAMAGE ON OVARIAN FUNCTION......Page 83 3.4.1.2 Chemotherapeutic Agents......Page 86 3.4.1.3 Cigarette Smoking......Page 87 3.4.1.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 88 3.4.1.5 Occupational Chemicals......Page 89 3.4.1.6 Other Ovotoxic Agents......Page 90 3.4.2.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 92 3.4.2.4 Halogenated Aryl Hydrocarbons......Page 93 3.4.1.5 Occupational Chemicals......Page 94 3.5.2 DETOXIFICATION......Page 95 3.5.3.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 96 3.5.3.3 4-Vinylcyclohexene......Page 97 3.6.1 CELL DEATH......Page 98 3.6.2 SITES OF CELLULAR DAMAGE......Page 100 REFERENCES......Page 102 CONTENTS......Page 112 4.1 INTRODUCTION: P, P’ ? DDE 1,1-DICHLORO-2,2-BISP-CHLOROPHENYLETHYLENE AND HCBHEXACHLOROBENZENE......Page 113 4.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF HCB......Page 114 4.2 DDE: OVERVIEW OF TOXIC MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS......Page 115 4.2.1 EFFECTS OF DDE ON FETAL AND EMBRYONIC MAMMALIAN CELLS AT LOW ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS......Page 118 4.2.2 SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF DDE TOXICITY ON IMMATURE MAMMALIAN CELLS......Page 119 4.2.3 LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF DDE TOXICITY ON IMMATURE MAMMALIAN CELLS......Page 123 4.3 HCB: OVERVIEW OF TOXIC MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS......Page 124 4.3.2 SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF HCB TOXICITY ON IMMATURE MAMMALIAN CELLS......Page 128 4.3.3 LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF HCB TOXICITY ON IMMATURE MAMMALIAN CELLS......Page 133 4.4 EFFECTS OF HCB+DDE MIXTURES ON FETAL AND EMBRYONIC MAMMALIAN CELLS AT LOW ENVIRONMENTAL CCONCENTRATIONS......Page 134 4.4.2 LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF HCB+DDE MIXTURE TOXICITY ON IMMATURE MAMMALIAN CELLS......Page 135 REFERENCES......Page 139 5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 145 5.2.1 LIGNANS......Page 147 5.2.2 ISOFLAVONOIDS......Page 148 5.2.3 METABOLISM......Page 149 5.4.1 ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BINDING......Page 152 5.4.2 MECHANISMS OF ACTION NOT MEDIATED BY ESTROGEN RECEPTORS......Page 154 5.5 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS......Page 155 5.5.1 HORMONAL AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS......Page 156 5.5.2 DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS......Page 158 5.5.2.1 Phytoestrogen Exposure in Infants......Page 159 5.5.3 MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS......Page 161 5.6 OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 162 5.7 THE CANCER CONNECTION......Page 163 5.7.1 BREAST CANCER......Page 164 5.7.2 HUMAN DATA......Page 165 5.8 CHOLESTEROL AND HEART DISEASE......Page 166 5.10 CONCLUSION......Page 168 REFERENCES......Page 169 CONTENTS......Page 184 6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 185 6.2.1 CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF XENOESTROGENS......Page 186 6.2.2 NOVEL XENOESTROGENS......Page 187 6.2.3 DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS......Page 188 6.3 NEOPLASIA......Page 189 6.4.1 GENETIC ORIGIN AND THE SOMATIC MUTATION THEORY OF CARCINOGENESIS......Page 190 6.4.3 CONTROL OF CELL PROLIFERATION AND NEOPLASIA......Page 191 6.4.3.2 Control of Initiation of Cell Proliferation by Estrogens Step 1......Page 192 6.4.3.3 Control of the Expression of the Proliferative Shutoff by Estrogens Step-2 in Normalcy, Carcinogenesis, and Tumor Regression......Page 194 6.4.4 EPIGENETIC ORIGIN: TISSUE MAINTENANCE AND NEOPLASIA......Page 195 6.5.1 HORMONES AS MUTAGENS......Page 196 6.5.2 HORMONES AS PROMOTERS......Page 197 6.5.3 HORMONES AS TERATOGENS ACCORDING TO THE TOFT......Page 198 6.5.3.1 The DES Model......Page 199 6.5.4 HORMONES AS AGENTS OF TISSUE MAINTENANCE AND REMODELING......Page 200 6.6.3 OVARIAN HORMONES AND NEOPLASIA......Page 201 6.6.3.2 Mammary Gland Tumors......Page 202 6.6.3.4 Testicular Neoplasias......Page 204 6.6.3.5 Prostate Cancer......Page 205 6.7.2 NEOPLASIAS IN ANIMALS TREATED WITH ESTROGENIC PESTICIDES......Page 206 6.8 PESTICIDES AND BREAST CANCER......Page 207 6.9 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 209 REFERENCES......Page 211 7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 225 7.2.1 TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION BY ESTROGEN RECEPTOR......Page 229 7.2.3 EPIGENETIC EFFECTS......Page 235 7.3 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING MECHANISMS......Page 236 7.4.1 ESTROGEN SYNTHESIS......Page 238 7.4.2.1 Catechol Estrogens and Reactive Metabolites......Page 240 7.4.2.2 CYP450 and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway......Page 241 7.4.2.3 PXR and CAR Regulated CYP450......Page 242 7.4.2.4 Conjugating Enzymes......Page 243 REFERENCES......Page 244 CONTENTS......Page 256 8.1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 257 8.1.2 TCDD AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: BIOCHEMICAL AND TOXIC RESPONSES......Page 258 8.1.3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR AHR......Page 259 8.1.4 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AHR-MEDIATED TRANSACTIVATION......Page 261 8.1.5 MODULATION OF AH-RESPONSIVENESS BY THE ER IN HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELL LINES......Page 263 8.2.2.1 Inhibition of Mammary Tumor Growth by TCDD......Page 265 8.2.2.2 Antiestrogenic Activity of TCDD and Related Compounds in Laboratory Animals......Page 266 8.2.2.3.1 MCF-7 and T47D Cells......Page 267 8.2.2.3.3 Inhibition of ER-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Growth by TCDD......Page 268 8.2.2.3.4 Inhibition of E2-Induced Cell Cycle Enzymes by TCDD......Page 270 8.2.2.4.1 Role of the AhR......Page 271 8.2.2.4.3 Inhibitory DREs iDREs as Genomic Targets for the AhR......Page 272 8.2.2.4.5 Other Mechanisms of Inhibitory AhR-ER alpha Crosstalk......Page 273 8.2.3.1 Introduction......Page 274 8.2.3.2 Alternate-Substituted PCDFs......Page 275 8.2.3.3 Substituted DIMs......Page 276 REFERENCES......Page 282 Section II: Effect on the Male Reproductive System......Page 295 CONTENTS......Page 296 9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 297 9.2 BACKGROUND......Page 298 9.3.2 SERTOLI CELLS......Page 299 9.5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS......Page 300 9.5.1.2 Heavy Metals......Page 302 9.5.2.3 Chemotherapeutic Agents......Page 303 9.6 MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS......Page 304 9.6.4 ALTERED HORMONE RECEPTOR RECOGNITION/BINDING......Page 305 9.6.5 ALTERED HORMONE POST-RECEPTOR ACTIVATION......Page 306 9.7 ASSESSMENT OF TOXICITY......Page 307 9.7.1 IN VITRO SYSTEMS......Page 308 9.7.2 IN VIVO SYSTEMS......Page 309 9.7.3 SPERM NUCLEAR INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT......Page 310 9.9 SUMMARY......Page 311 REFERENCES......Page 312 CONTENTS......Page 318 ABSTRACT......Page 319 10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 320 10.1.1 IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANDROGENIC EFFECTS OF PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS IN THE LABORATORY AND THE FIELD: ENVIRONMENTAL ANDROGENS REVEALED......Page 321 10.2 IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES WITH FEEDLOT EFFLUENTS AND TRENBOLONE, AN ANABOLIC STEROID PRESENT IN SOME CATTLE FEEDLOT EFFLUENTS......Page 324 10.3.1 THE FUNGICIDE VINCLOZOLIN ? IN VITRO AND SHORT-TERM IN VIVO EFFECTS OF AN AR ANTAGONIST......Page 326 10.3.2 DOSE-RESPONSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF VINCLOZOLIN......Page 328 10.3.3 PUBERTAL EFFECTS OF VINCLOZOLIN......Page 329 10.3.4 PROCYMIDONE ? IN VITRO AND SHORT-TERM IN VIVO EFFECTS......Page 330 10.3.5 DOSE-RESPONSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF PROCYMIDONE IN THE MALE RAT......Page 331 10.4.2 DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF LINURON IN THE MALE RAT......Page 332 10.5.1 IN VITRO EFFECTS AND SHORT-TERM IN VIVO EFFECTS OF P,P’ DDE......Page 333 10.6.1 IN VITRO EFFECTS OF THE PROCHLORAZ, A CONAZOLE FUNGICIDE......Page 334 10.7.1 “ANTIANDROGENIC? EFFECTS OF PHTHALATE ESTERS DURING DEVELOPMENT......Page 335 10.8.1 ANTIANDROGENIC EFFECTS OF PBDE-71......Page 338 10.9.1 MIXTURES OF “ANTIANDROGENS?: AR ANTAGONISTS VERSUS INHIBITORS OF STEROIDOGENESIS......Page 340 REFERENCES......Page 341 CONTENTS......Page 349 11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 350 11.3.1 TESTOSTERONE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM......Page 351 11.3.2 TESTOSTERONE AS THE SEX HORMONE ? ROLE IN ERECTILE FUNCTION......Page 353 11.4.1.1 Antiandrogens......Page 355 11.4.1.3 Aryl Hydrocarbon Ah Receptor Agonists......Page 356 11.5 HOW ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS DIFFER FROM NATURAL HORMONES......Page 357 11.6.1 ROLE OF HYPOGONADISM......Page 358 11.6.2 CONTROVERSIES RELATED TO HYPOGONADISM AND ED......Page 359 11.7.1 PRIMARY HYPOGONADISM......Page 362 11.8.1 NEUROLOGICAL CAUSES OF MALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION......Page 363 11.8.4 RENAL DISEASE......Page 364 11.8.6 HYPERPROLACTINEMIA......Page 365 11.9 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS AND ED......Page 366 11.9.1.2 Pesticides......Page 368 11.9.2.2 Depression and Related Drugs......Page 369 11.9.3.3 Alcohol......Page 370 11.9.4.2 Other Phytoproducts......Page 371 11.9.5 ENVIRONMENT AND ED......Page 372 11.10 CONCLUSION......Page 373 REFERENCES......Page 374 CONTENTS......Page 382 12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 383 12.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE PROSTATE......Page 384 12.3.1 PROSTATE DEVELOPMENT......Page 385 12.3.2 EVIDENCE FOR HOMOLOGY OF THE RODENT DORSOLATERAL AND HUMAN PROSTATE......Page 387 12.4.1 TESTOSTERONE AND 5alpha-DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE DHT......Page 390 12.4.2 GROWTH FACTOR SIGNALING BETWEEN MESENCHYME AND EPITHELIUM......Page 391 12.5.1 INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF HIGH, PHARMACOLOGICAL DOSES OF ESTROGEN......Page 393 12.5.2 STIMULATORY EFFECTS OF LOW, PHYSIOLOGICAL DOSES OF ESTROGEN......Page 395 12.5.3 MECHANISMS OF EFFECTS OF LOW DOSES OF ESTROGEN......Page 396 12.6 ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING ESTROGENIC CHEMICALS ALTER PROSTATE DEVELOPMENT......Page 399 12.7 ESTROGEN AND ADULT PROSTATE PATHOLOGY......Page 404 12.8 SUMMARY......Page 405 REFERENCES......Page 406 13.1 ABSTRACT......Page 414 13.2 INTRODUCTION......Page 415 13.3.2 PROSTATIC ZINC CONTENT AND PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS......Page 416 13.3.3 DIETARY ZINC AND PROSTATE CANCER RISK......Page 417 13.4.2 CD IS A SUSPECTED CARCINOGEN FOR THE HUMAN PROSTATE......Page 418 13.4.3 CADMIUM IS A PROVEN CARCINOGEN FOR THE RAT PROSTATE......Page 419 13.4.4 MECHANISMS OF CADMIUM-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS......Page 420 13.4.6 INTERPLAY BETWEEN CADMIUM AND OTHER HEAVY METALS IN PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS......Page 421 13.4.7 METALLOTHIONEINS AND CADMIUM-INDUCED CARCINOGENICITY......Page 422 13.5 COPPER, NICKEL, AND ARSENIC......Page 423 REFERENCES......Page 424

There is great concern regarding the reproductive and health hazards of endocrine disruptors. Research indicates that men are experiencing declining fertility and an increased incidence of prostate cancer, while women are dealing with increased infertility, early menopause, and breast cancer. As new research reveals the previously unknown risks of these endocrine disruptors, it is imperative to update our knowledge of these controversial chemicals.

Endocrine Disruptors: Effects on Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Second Edition examines the reproductive and health hazards of endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals from epidemiology to etiology, concluding with future directions. Divided into two sections, the first part of the book describes the effects of environmental toxicants on the female reproductive system, with an emphasis on the effects and mechanisms of their action on sex differentiation during development, fertility, and breast cancer. The second part addresses the effects of endocrine disruption on the male reproductive system, focusing on male fertility and the development of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer.

Leading authorities contribute expert analyses and up-to-date information on a topic that has become a major concern among the scientific community and the general public. This second edition supplies the most current, critical knowledge on the real risks that endocrine disruptors pose to the population.

Investigating the reproductive and health implications of endocrine disruptors on the male and female reproductive systems, this text explores the effects of environmental toxicants and the consequences of endocrine disruption