Encyclopedia of World History: Volume VI - The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present 6

This comprehensive and authoritative set is rich in features to make the study of world history easier for students to understand. Arranged in six chronological eras that span prehistory to the present day, this chronological approach follows the way world history is taught and studies in the classroom. Historical Atlas List of Maps 8 List of Articles 9 List of Contributors 15 Chronology 19 Major Themes 31 Afghanistan 43 African National Congress (ANC) 45 African Union 47 AIDS crisis 48 Akihito 49 Algerian revolution 50 Allende, Salvador 51 Alliance for Progress 52 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) 53 American Indian Movement (AIM) 55 Angola, Republic of 55 ANZUS Treaty 56 appropriate technology 57 Arab-Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations 58 Arab-Israeli War (195 ) 61 Arab-Israeli War (19 ) 62 Arafat, Yasir (Yasser Arafat) 66 Arévalo, Juan José 68 Argentina, Madres de Plaza de Mayo 69 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand 70 Armenia and Azerbaijan 70 arms race/atomic weapons 72 art and architecture 74 Asian Development Bank 80 Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 81 Assad, Hafez al- 82 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 83 Aswa ̄n Dam 84 Aung San Suu Kyi 84 Awami League 85 Ayub Khan, Muhammad 86 Ba’ath Party 89 baby boom, U.S. 90 Baghdad Pact/CENTO 90 Balkans (1991–present) 91 Baltic States (1991–present) 94 Banda, Hastings 96 Bandung Conference (Asian-African Conference) 97 Bangladesh, People’s Republic of 97 Bay of Pigs 98 Beat movement 99 Berlin blockade/airlift 100 Betancourt, Rómulo 102 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 103 Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) 103 Bhutto, Benazir 104 Bhutto, Zulfikar 105 Biafran War (19 –19 0) 106 biblical inerrancy 107 Black Power movement 108 Bolivian revolution (195 –19 ) 109 Bosch, Juan 110 Bourguiba, Habib 111 Bracero Program (19 –19 ) 111 Brazil, military dictatorship in (19 –19 5) 112 Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich 113 Brown v. Board of Education 115 Bush, George H. W. 116 Bush, George W. 117 Canada after 1950 119 Caribbean Basin Initiative 120 Carter, Jimmy 121 Castro, Fidel 122 Central Asia after 1991 123 Chávez, Hugo 130 Chiang Ching-kuo 131 fiChicag Boysf (Chilean economists, 19 –19 0s) 132 China, human rights and dissidents in 133 China, People’s Republic of 134 Chinese-Vietnamese conflict 134 Civil Rights movement, U.S. 135 Clinton, Bill (19 – ) and Hillary Rodham (19 – ) 140 cold war 141 Colombia, La Violencia in (19 –19 ) 144 Comecon 145 Commonwealth of Nations 146 contra war (Nicaragua, 19 0s) 147 counterculture in the United States and Europe 149 Cuban migration to the United States 150 Cuban missile crisis (October 19 ) 151 Cuban revolution (1959– ) 153 Cyprus, independence of 154 Cyprus, Turkish invasion of 156 Dalai Lama, 1 th (Tenzin Gyatso) 157 Darfur 158 Day, Dorothy 159 Democratic Progressive Party and Chen Shui-pièn (Chen Shui-bian) 159 Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaïre) 160 Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p’ing) 162 disarmament, nuclear 162 drug wars, international 164 Dutch New Guinea/West Irian 166 Duvalier dictatorship (Haiti, 195 –19 ) 166 Eastern bloc, collapse of the 169 East Timor 172 Ebadi, Shirin 173 Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) 173 ecumenical movement 174 Egyptian revolution (195 ) 175 El Salvador, revolution and civil war in (19 0s–1990s) 177 environmental disasters (anthropogenic) 177 environmental problems 178 Equal Rights Amendment 181 Eritrea 182 Ethiopia, Federal Democratic Republic of 183 European Economic Community/ Common Market 185 European Union 187 Falklands War (19 ) 189 Falun Gong 190 Fanon, Frantz 191 feminism, worldwide 191 Fonseca Amador, Carlos 194 Ford, Gerald 195 Free Speech Movement 196 FRELIMO 198 Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer 199 Gandhi, Indira 200 Gandhi, Rajiv, and Sonia S. 201 Gang of Four and Jiang Qing 202 Gaulle, Charles de 202 gay liberation movements 205 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 206 Germany (post–World War II) 207 Ghana 212 globalization 213 Gorbachev, Mikhail 214 Graham, Billy (William Franklin Graham) 216 Great Leap Forward in China (195 –19 1) 217 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China (19 –19 ) 218 Great Society (U.S.) 219 Greek Junta 220 Green Revolution 222 Grenada, U.S. invasion of (19 ) 224 Guatemala, civil war in (19 0–199 ) 224 Guevara, Ernesto fiChe 225 Gulf War, First (1991) 226 Gulf War, Second (Iraq War) 227 Hamas 231 Havel, Václav 232 Hizbollah 232 Ho Chi Minh 233 Hong Kong 234 Horn of Africa 235 Hu Jintao (Hu Chin-t’ao) 236 Hu Yaobang (Hu Yao-pang) 237 Huk Rebellion 238 Hundred Flowers Campaign in China (195 –195 ) 238 Hungarian revolt (195 ) 239 Hussein, Saddam 240 India 243 Indochina War (First and Second) 246 Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) 247 Indo-Pakistani Wars (Kashmir) 248 Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) 250 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 251 interstate highway system, U.S. 252 Intifada (first) 253 Intifada, al-Aqsa 254 Iran, contemporary 255 Iran-contra affair 256 Iran hostage crisis 257 Iranian revolution 258 Iran-Iraq War (19 0–19 ) 260 Iraq revolution (195 ) 261 Iraq War 262 Irish Republican Army (IRA) 262 Islamist movements 263 Janata Party 269 Al Jazeera 270 Jesus movement 270 Jiang Zemin (Chiang Tse-min) 271 John Paul II 271 Johnson, Lyndon B. 274 Jordan, Hashemite monarchy in 275 Karmal, Babrak 277 Karzai, Hamid 278 Kaunda, Kenneth 279 Kennedy, John F. 279 Kenya 281 Kenyatta, Jomo 282 Khan, Liaquat Ali 282 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 283 Khrushchev, Nikita 284 Kim Il Sung (191 –199 )/ Kim Jong Il (19 – ) 285 King, Martin Luther, Jr. 286 Koizumi, Junichiro 288 Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of 289 Korea, Republic of 290 Korean War (1950–195 ) 293 Kubitschek, Juscelino 294 Kurds 295 Kuwait 296 Kyoto Treaty 297 Latin American culture 299 Latin American politics 300 Latin American social issues 302 Lebanese civil war 305 Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) 307 Liberian civil wars (19 9–199 and 1999– 00 ) 308 Libya 309 Lin Biao (Lin Piao) 309 literature 310 Li Zongren (Li Tsung-jen) 314 Lumumba, Patrice 315 Macao (1999) 317 Macapagal-Arroyo, Gloria 317 Makarios III 318 Malaysia, Federation of 319 Malcolm X 320 Mandela, Nelson 322 Manley, Michael 324 Marcos, Ferdinand and Imelda 325 Marshall, Thurgood 326 Marshall Plan 327 McCarthyism 329 Meir, Golda 330 Menchú, Rigoberta 331 Mexico, agrarian reform in 332 Mobutu Sese Seko 332 Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott 334 Montoneros (Argentine urban guerrillas, 19 0s) 334 Morocco 335 Mossadeq, Mohammad 337 Mountbatten, Louis, Lord (earl Mountbatten of Burma) 337 Mugabe, Robert 338 Musharraf, Pervez 339 music 340 Namibia 345 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 346 Ne Win 347 Nehru, Jawaharlal 348 Nepal civil war 349 Ngo Dinh Diem 351 Nguyen Van Thieu 352 Nicaraguan revolution (19 9–1990) 352 Nigeria 354 Nixon, Richard 357 Nkrumah, Kwame 360 Noriega, Manuel 360 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 362 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 363 Numeiri, Jaafar 364 Nunavut Territory, Canada 365 Nyerere, Julius 366 Olympics (1950–present) 367 Organization of American States (OAS) 369 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 370 Pakistan People’s Party 373 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 374 Park Chung Hee 375 Pathet Lao 376 Paz Estenssoro, Victor 377 Peace Corps, U.S. 378 Perón, Juan Domingo 380 Philippine revolution (19 ) 380 Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto 381 Poland (1991–present) 382 Pol Pot 383 Portugal (19 0–present) 384 Prague Spring 388 presidential impeachment, U.S. 389 Putin, Vladimir 390 Qaddafi, Muammar 393 al-Qaeda 394 Quebec sovereignty movement 397 Qutb, Sayyid 398 Rabin, Yitzhak 401 Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur 401 Reagan, Ronald 402 Rhee, Syngman 405 Rhodesia/Zimbabwe independence movements 407 Roe v. Wade 409 Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel 410 Russian Federation 411 Rwanda/Burundi conflict 421 Sahel, ecological crisis in 423 San Francisco, treaty of 424 Sandinista National Liberation Front 424 Saudi Arabia 425 School of the Americas 426 Shanghai Communiqué 427 Shastri, Lal Bahadur 428 Shining Path 429 Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula da 430 Singapore 430 Singh, Manmohan 431 Sino-Soviet Treaty (1950) 432 Solidarity movement 433 Somalia (1950– 00 ) 434 South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) 436 Southern Baptist Convention 438 Soviet Union, dissolution of the 438 space exploration 440 Spain 444 Sri Lanka 445 St. Lawrence Seaway 446 student movements (19 0s) 447 suburbanization, U.S. 448 Sudanese civil wars (19 0–present) 449 Suharto, Haji Mohammad 450 Sukarno, Ahmed 450 Taiwan (Republic of China) 453 Taliban 454 Tamil Tigers 454 Tashkent Agreement 455 Tlatelolco massacre (19 ) 456 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 457 Teresa of Calcutta, Mother 457 terrorism 459 Thatcher, Margaret baroness Thatcher of Kesteven 461 Third World/Global South 463 Tiananmen Square massacre 464 Tibetan Revolt (1959) 465 Tito, Marshal (Josip Broz) 466 Togo 467 Torrijos, Omar 468 Touré, Ahmed Sékou 468 Trudeau, Pierre 470 Turabi, Hassan ‘abd Allah al- 470 Turkey 471 Uganda (1950–present) 475 Ukraine 477 United Arab Emirates (UAE) 479 United Arab Republic (UAR) 479 United Nations 480 U Nu 483 U.S.-Japan Mutual Defense Treaty 483 U.S. relations with China (Nixon) 484 U.S.-Republic of Korea Mutual Defense Treaty 485 U.S.-Taiwan Mutual Defense Treaty 486 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari 487 Vatican II Council (19 –19 5) 488 Velasco Ibarra, José 489 Vietnam, Democratic Republic of 489 Vietnam, Republic of 491 Vietnam War 492 Vo Nguyen Giap 494 Vorster, B. J. 495 Wajed, Sheikh Hasina 497 Warsaw Pact 498 Watergate scandal 500 Wen Jiabao (Wen Chia-Pao) 501 Western Saharan War 502 World Bank 503 World Trade Center, September 11, 001 504 Yahya Khan 507 Yeltsin, Boris 508 Yemen 509 Yoshida Shigeru 510 Yugoslavia, breakup and war in 510 Zapatistas 515 Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai) 517 Zia, Khaleda 517 Zia-ul-Haq, Mohammad 518 Resource Guide 519 Index 523 Photo Credits 544 Maps 545 V. 1. The Ancient World : Prehistoric Eras To 600 C.e. -- V. 2. The Expanding World : 600 C.e. To 1450 -- V. 3. The First Global Age : 1450 To 1750 -- V. 4. Age Of Revolution And Empire : 1750 To 1900 -- V. 5. Crisis And Achievement : 1900 To 1950 -- V. 6. The Contemporary World : 1950 To The Present -- V. 7. Primary Documents ; Master Index. Edited By Marsha E. Ackermann ... [et Al.]. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. Contains approximately two thousand essays that provide information on significant events, themes, and personalities in world history; arranged alphabetically within seven specific time periods, from the prehistoric era to the early twenty-first century, each with a chronology. Includes a selection of primary documents and a comprehensive index. Offers a balanced presentation of human history for a global perspective. Based on the National Standards for World History, this set is arranged in six chronological eras. Each volume era begins with essays that tackle large themes such as agriculture, science and technology, social and class relationships, trade and culture, and warfare.